We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Electrical Properties of Materials 4. Tungsten is a transition metal in the same block as many of the carcinogenic metals on the periodic table and holds potential to induce cancer-associated effects. Tungsten carbide is an alloy that has the main component of powders including tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, and metal powder such as cobalt, nickel, etc, as an adhesive, obtained through the powder metallurgical method. Acid and chemical proof The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. In the case of steel with a medium carbon concentration, the tenacity tends to be higher (Chapter 6. 13. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. The melting point of tungsten is 3695K (6192 o F, 3422 o C). Least corrosion. Tungsten has the highest melting point of the metals, lowest vapour pressure, and the highest tensile strength. This type of testing ensures that every coil of wire meets our rigid standards for dimensional uniformity. Physical properties Of all metals in pure form, tungsten has the highest melting point (3,422 C, 6,192 F), lowest vapor pressure (at temperatures above 1,650 C, 3,000 F), and the highest tensile strength. Heavy: Very high in density. Least corrosion. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. More stable chemical properties. Certain Physical Properties of Single Crystals of Tungsten, Antimony, Bismuth, Tellurium, Cadmium, Zinc, and Tin. Excellent high temperature strength. * Use dry chemical or CO2 extinguishers. The 5d electrons of W participate in strong metallic bonding. Boiling point of Tungsten is 5930 o C (6203K, 10706 o F). Let us discuss the physical properties of non-metals in detail. 1. Radiology Due to its amazing shielding properties tungsten is used in gamma imaging and also for shielding from high-energy radioactive radiations. So that tungsten filament can be used longer and still bright enough. Its two main oxidation states are +4 & +6 and five stable isotopes ( 180 W, 182 W, 183 W, 184 W, and 186 W), among of which 182 W, 184 W, and 186 W are the most abundant at 26.498%, 30.64%, and 28.426% respectively. Tungsten measures between 8 and 9 on the Mohs hardness scale. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Tungsten is similar to Molybdenum chemically and its chemistry . Pure tungsten is a stelel-gray to tin-white metal. The amount of torsion is two times that of high-speed steel and carbide is the preferred material for high-speed operation applications. It is usually used in many chemical and corrosive environments because carbides are typically chemically inert. Among these, WC is mostly studied due to exceptional physical and chemical properties [3]. Chemical properties of Tungsten - Health effects of Tungsten - Environmental effects of Tungsten Tungsten Tungsten is a lustrous and silvery white metal. Cheap tungsten rings are cheap due to less time spent on labor. Thus, it is solid at ambient temperature. Manganese, vanadium, chromium, nickel, and tungsten are common alloy materials for steel. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. compound Summary Tungsten-titanium Cite Download Contents 1 Structures 2 Names and Identifiers 3 Chemical and Physical Properties 4 Related Records 5 Chemical Vendors 6 Literature 7 Patents 8 Information Sources 1 Structures 1.1 2D Structure Find Similar Structures Get Image Download Chemical Structure Depiction PubChem 1.2 3D Status Very pure tungsten can be cut with a hacksaw, and can be forged, spun, drawn, and extruded. 7. Due to . While it is a very valuable metal, it can also be a source of scrap. Tungsten is a solid at room temperature and possesses the highest known melting point and lowest vapor pressure of any metals. Tenacity is the concept that denotes the ability of steel to withstand the application of an external force without breaking. Tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal (so it can be heated to high temperatures and incandesces well without melting), high tensile strength (so it remains strong even when drawn into thin wires), low vapor pressure (so it doesn't produce tungsten vapor / dust floating ar. Desired physical and chemical properties can be achieved by adding different types of metals on steel. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". 5.5-105 10 8 m. Metallic bonds are so strong because they share electrons across an entire three-dimensional array of atoms. What are 5 physical properties of tungsten? Least corrosion. 3 Is tungsten a physical or chemical property? Wire Diameter (mm/inches) Note: stock sizes for Type G are limited. Tungsten is a tough metal having grey-white lustrous appearance. Tungsten oxide nanoparticles appear in the form of a yellow powder having a nearly spherical morphology. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Hard . The coefficient of thermal expansion is relatively small. Basic physical properties of tungsten. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. this is expected to lead to narrower beam spots and therefore more accurate scan results as illustrated in fig. Exhibit 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of Elemental Tungsten (ATSDR 2005; NIEHS 2003; NIOSH 2016) Property Value Tungsten is a metal that is grayish-white in appearance. Tungsten is a greyish-white lustrous metal, which is a solid at room temperature. For more information and details, you can follow ZZBETTER and visit: www.zzbetter.com, To view or add a comment, sign in When was the last eruption of Mount Cleveland? * Tungsten Carbide can affect you when breathed in. Electrical and optical properties of reactively sputtered tungsten oxide films have been investigated in relation to the oxygen concentration in sputtering atmosphere. 2. Born and raised in the city of London, Alexander Johnson studied biology and chemistry in college and went on to earn a PhD in biochemistry. The term ductility means steel can be . 6. and stress, are discussed in relation to device limitations. 5. Chemical and Physical Properties of Tungsten The symbol in the periodic table of elements: W Atomic number: 74 Atomic weight (mass): 183.85 g.mol-1 Group number: 6 (Transition metals) Period: 6 Color: A lustrous silvery-white metal Physical state: Solid at room temperature Half-life: From 1.37 (17) milliseconds to 1.8 (0.2)1018 years Mercury is a liquid at room temperature. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Tungsten, which is Swedish for heavy stone, is the strongest metal in the world. In 2021, the average price of tungsten was around 270 U.S. dollars per metric ton unit of tungsten trioxide. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Least corrosion. These rings are not harmful and cause no issues to the wearer. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Tungsten is, therefore, a favorable choice for smelting molds or containers for molten metals. Chemical Data; Chemical symbol: WS 2: CAS No: 12138-09-9: Group: Tungsten 6 Sulphur 16: . In practical applications, carbides are 20-100 times longer than some wear-resistant steel alloys. Thermal conductivity: 174 W m 1 K 1; Coefficient of linear thermal expansion: 4.5 10 6 K 1; Optical properties. 2. Acid and chemical proof. It is obviously observed from Table 2 that the density increments with the expansion of WO 3 content. A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows the flow of electric current. It is indispensable because of its many applications. It has been found in counterfeit gold products. It is solid at room temperature and tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal (6170 degrees Fahrenheit). There are no animal or human toxicological data to support the hypothesis of a nephrotoxic activity of tungsten. Tungsten can be used as a trick element, especially in jewellery. Tungsten. Magnetic Properties of Materials 5. In its raw form, tungsten is a hard steel-grey metal that is often brittle and hard to work.Purified, monocrystalline tungsten retains its hardness (which exceeds that of many steels), and becomes malleable enough that it can be worked easily. Properties Metric Imperial; Density: 7.5 gm/cm 3: 0.27 lb/in 3: Molar Mass: 247.98 g/mol- Its melting point is as high as 3410 C and its boiling point can reach 5927 C. Tungsten is a toxic metal. Its two main oxidation states are +4 & +6 and it has five different stable isotopes that are 180 W, 182 W, 183 W, 184 W, and 186 W amongst which 182 W, 184 W, and 186 W are found to be the most abundant at 26.498%, 30.64%, and 28.426% respectively. For example, scrap tungsten carbide can be melted down and refined to form new pieces of tungsten carbide. * Tungsten Carbide may cause a skin allergy. Mrityunjay Pandey , Enochs faith enabled him to please God. Even at an extremely low temperature, the carbide remains good to wear resistance and provides relatively low friction coefficients without using a lubricant. It is resistant to oxidation and attack by acids and alkalis. 1. (Diamonds are a 10 the highest.) These are some of the physical properties of tungsten: Atomic Atomic Mass: 183.85: Successive Ionization Energies: Electronegativity: W - W + : 770 kJ mol-1: Pauling: 2.36: Krypton is an element in gaseous state at NTP. Tungsten Advantages Tungsten has a steel-like appearance but has a high melting point, low vapor pressure, and a low evaporation rate. Heat resistant. It has the highest modulus of elasticity of the metals (E = 400GPa). This translate to rings that are not made with as much precision or care, which ultimately translates to lower quality. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Exposure to high levels of tungsten is unlikely. Tungsten is classified as a rare metal though its found in many countries. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Tungsten is ordinarily brittle at room temperature. Excellent high temperature strength. The powdered form of tungsten is grey in color. Newsam says that tungsten outlasts other metals because of the unusual strength and directionality of its metallic bonds. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Mechanical & Physical Properties Contact Us The atomic number is 74. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Why We Use Properties: Properties allow you to change a single object and it will have an isolated effect on your program, independent of other objects. It has the highest melting point of all metals at 3410C with a boiling point of . Tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work. What happens to atoms during chemical reaction? These are some of the physical properties of tungsten: The metal is obtained commercially be recucing tungsten oxide with hydrogen or carbon. 2 table 1 shows the physical properties of tungsten which make it ideal for. It also has the highest tensile strength . Titanium has a density of 4.5 g / cm3, a melting point of 1,660 10 C, a boiling point of 3287 C, valences of +2, +3, and +4, and ionization energy of 6.82 electron volts. It is mainly used to make high-speed cutting tools and hard, tough material cutting edges, and high-wear parts for the fabrication of cold dies, and measuring tools. Tungsten is the heaviest engineering material with a density of 19.25 g/cm3. We are going to talk about 6 key material parameters of tungsten . A possible crystal structure of Tungsten is body-centered cubic structure. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Physical properties of Tungsten. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. Tungsten is highly resistant to chemicals and is also conductive in nature. In this process, the material. 5.1. Aluminium - The magician's "invisibility metal". Beyond that, it is possible to combine the useful properties of tungsten with those of the alloying additives. Slight absorption below 1200, Concentrated sulfic acid (room temperature), High melting point: Highest among all metals. In fact, the ratio of strength to weight for steel is the lowest than any other building material available to us. Its the second hardest material with the second highest melting point (diamonds ranks as first in both categories), and thus there are few materials that can be substituted for it. Con: Brittleness and Breakability Tungstens hardness also has its downsides. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Tungsten provides a unique contribution, as it imbues exceptional strength, corrosion resistance, and other useful properties to base metals. For instance, Tungsten's hardness and high density makes it ideal for penetrating projectiles used by the military. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Physical Properties. The element has an atomic number of 74 and an atomic mass of 184. A physical change, however, is a change that affects one (or more) physical properties of a substance. Yes, pure tungsten is toxic and can cause issues such as cancer or lung problems. Titanium and tungsten are biocompatible and X-ray- and MRI-compatible. Physical Properties of Titanium 1. Other important physical properties of tungsten are given under Chemical Elements. Cemented carbide grades with high binder content have excellent impact resistance. Electrical resistivity: 5.4 10 8 m; or m cm; Heat and conduction. : to begin to grow : sprout. The chemical name of tungsten is Wolfram, represented by W. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The physical properties of steel include high strength, low weight, durability, ductility and resistance to corrosion. It has the highest melting point of all metals at 3410C with a boiling point of 5700C. Physical Properties: A. Its melting point is the highest of any metal, 3,410C (6,170F) and its boiling point is about 5,900C (10,600F). Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The Melting or Freezing Point: I. The Physical Properties of Tungsten Tungsten (W) is a rare silver-white metal and belongs to group VIB of the periodic table. However, tungsten rings are made out of jewelry grade tungsten which is safe to wear. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. No ill-effects were observed in patients given 2580 g powdered tungsten metal by mouth as a substitute for barium in radiological examinations. Pure tungsten is a stelel-gray to tin-white metal. DOI: 10.2307/25130058 Corpus ID: 100235381; Certain Physical Properties of Single Crystals of Tungsten, Antimony, Bismuth, Tellurium, Cadmium, Zinc, and Tin @inproceedings{BridgmanCertainPP, title={Certain Physical Properties of Single Crystals of Tungsten, Antimony, Bismuth, Tellurium, Cadmium, Zinc, and Tin}, author={Percy Williams Bridgman} } What are 3 physical properties of tungsten? Tungsten is a metallic element that has the highest melting point of any metal. Tungsten is mainly a hexavalent cation in nature, and its ionic radius is .6810-10m. The table below provides the physical properties of these nanoparticles. Tungsten carbide is one of the best candidates for recycling. For more information on the Visual Elements image see the Uses and properties section below. Among metals it has the highest melting point, at 3,410 C (6,170 F), the highest tensile strength at temperatures of more than 1,650 C (3,002 F), and the lowest coefficient of linear thermal expansion (4.43 10 6 per C at 20 C [68 F]). The results show that after HIP, the tungsten alloy samples obtained . Boiling Point In general, boiling is a phase change of a substance from the liquid to the gas phase. What are the physical state of oxygen at room temperature? Its properties of physical properties. Tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal. Tungsten is a steel-gray to tin-white metal. Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Applications Introduction Tungsten is a hard metal with a lustrous and silvery white appearance. Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Non-metals are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity. 5- Tenacity . It has an ability to absorb radioactive radiation . Excellent high temperature strength. [ 24] Ni can improve the properties of tungsten by its role during sintering. FIRE HAZARDS * Tungsten in powder form is FLAMMABLE and may ignite spontaneously in AIR. TUNGSTEN Organizations depend on Tungsten and its alloys for their high strength, melting point, and high-density properties, and high temperatures. Steel, as we all know, offers great strength though it is light in weight. Physical properties of tungsten carbide-Zhuzhou Jinxin Cemented Carbide Co., Ltd_tungsten carbide-PhysicalpropertiesTungstencarbidehasahighmeltingpointat2,870 C . The heat of fusion of tungsten is 52.31 kJ/mol. Compressive strength Some grades of cobalt carbide and cobalt have perfect performance under ultra-high pressure and are very successful in pressure applications of up to 7 million kPa. Physical properties of tungsten are mentioned below. Some products that are made of tungsten include light bulb filaments, jewelry, electronics, high temperature metallic tools, walls surrounding fusion reactors, plate armor, and armor piercing. Note: The density of tungsten carbide powder is about 15.63g/cm3, the density of cobalt powder is about 8.9g/cm3, the density of titanium carbide powder is about 4.93g/cm3, the density of tantalum . Electrical properties. Also known as Wolfram, the rare chemical element exhibits a high density (19.25 g/cm3) as well as a high melting point (3422 C/ 6192 F). The metal oxidizes in air and must be protected at elevated temperatures.It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. The Physical Properties of Tungsten Tungsten has a steel-like appearance but has a high melting point, low vapor pressure, and a low evaporation rate. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Tungsten has high electrical and thermal conductivity, and low vapor pressure at high temperature. Its melting point is as high as 3410 C and its boiling point can reach 5927 C. Is tungsten a physical or chemical property? The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Mechanical Properties of Metals, 2004). In order to investigate the effect of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process parameters on the properties and fracture behavior of tungsten alloy, HIP experiments with different process parameters were carried out, and the relative density, Rockwell hardness, tensile properties, and tensile fracture behavior were analyzed. The chemical properties of tungsten disulfide nanoparticles are as per the table below. Sources, facts, uses, scarcity (SRI), podcasts, alchemical symbols, videos and images. Tungsten is a rare metal that has the highest melting and boiling point of all known elements. It was recently discovered that significant erosion/corrosion occurs with machinable tungsten when exposed to water, particularly when the water has dissolved oxygen present. What are the main properties of tungsten? m. Electrical resistivity and its converse, electrical conductivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how strongly it resists or conducts the flow of electric current. Tungsten is a hard brittle solid whose color ranges from steel-gray to nearly white. Heat resistant. Physical properties. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Very high in tensile strength. Chemical Properties of Materials. These properties make it suitable to be used in making electrodes, field emission guns, etc. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Three stages of absorption up to 1700, No chemical reaction. Reflects incoming energies and makes the perfect base for magic mirrors. The wear resistance of the tungsten carbide is its most important feature. Tungsten in the form of finely divided powder is highly flammable and may ignite spontaneously on contact with air. What are the five physical properties? Tungsten Properties: Tungsten has a melting point of 3410+/-20C, boiling point of 5660C, specific gravity of 19.3 (20C), with a valence of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Tungsten coating can play this role due to its high threshold energy for physical sputtering and mechanical strength as well as good thermal properties [, , , ]. Do NOT follow this link or you will be banned from the site! However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Can , Arvind Arora (Made EJEE Chemistry) (Also on Vedanti Platform) (Best in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry) Vineet Khatri (Any Time Padhai Academy) (Best in Organic Chemistry) Who is the best chemistry teacher on youtube? Here, we report the single-crystal growth and physical properties of the noncentrosymmetric tungsten aluminide cage compounds Al4W and Al5W, alongside related molybdenum aluminides in which spin-orbit coupling should be significantly weaker. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Is organic chemistry related to inorganic chemistry? waiting for the seeds to germinate. The diameter and roundness of all tungsten-rhenium wire is continuously measured using laser micrometer technology. 6.. A tungsten carbide ring is waterproof and will not rust, so wearing it in the shower is okay. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It is also considered as a good element for high vacuum technology, furnace construction, glass seals, and dimensional stability. The density relies upon the structure and arrangements of glass units. 2. Heavy: Very high in density. The atomic mass of tungsten is 183.84 u and its density is 19.25 g/cm 3. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Tungsten Ore (1)Feature High melting point: Highest among all metals Heavy: Very high in density Hard. Excellent high temperature strength. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. How does grief . (-453F.) What is germination in plants? We will explain main feature and physical properties of tungsten High melting point: Highest among all metals. Tungsten makes very good bullets, the military analyst Robert Kelley tells me. The bulk metal resists attack by oxygen, acids and alkalis. Useful for magical protection if worn as jewellry. Lowest thermal expansion coefficient Radiation shielding Least corrosion. Physical Properties of Tungsten Atomic Mass Average: 183.85 Boiling Point: 5928 K 5655 C 10211 F Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion /K-1: 4.59E -6 Conductivity Electrical: 0.189 10 6 /cm Thermal: 1.74 W/cmK Density: 19.35g/cc @ 300K Description: Hard, silver-white metal that is generally obtained as a dull grey powder that is hard to melt. The chemical symbol for Tungsten is W. Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively in chemical compounds. The bending strength at normal temperature is between 90 and 150 MPa and the higher the cobalt, the higher the anti-bending strength. Main physical properties of steel 1- Body Tungsten has the highest tensile strength of any pure metal up to 500,000 psi at room temperature. These glasses are characterized by different techniques of characterization to determine the role of TiO 2 in the physical-optical parameters of the synthesized glasses. Heat resistant. It is a bulky metal and has the highest melting point of any metal. Tungsten has an atomic number of 74, a relative atomic mass of 183.85, an atomic radius of 137 picometers, and a density of 19.35 grams per cubic centimeter. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Tungsten is so dense that it resists melting, even under extremely high heat. Chemical Properties of Tungsten Tungsten enjoys high chemical stability; it can resist the corrosion caused by nearly all acid and alkaline liquids at room temperature and several molten metals at high temperatures. Tungsten has the highest melting point and lowest vapor pressure of all metals. Tungsten is a solid substance at room temperature because its melting and boiling point is very high with comparing to other compounds. 5. Boiling point of Tungsten is 59300C. The physical and the material supplier thus far cleaner than it reacts with different fields in the health of physical properties tungsten alloys like a radiopacifying agent associated he could even of. Tungsten is has a hardness of approximately 7.5. Malleability and Ductility Non-metals are generally non-malleable and non-ductile. The densities of arranging glasses are observed to be in the range 3.7-4.11 g/cm 3 with a likely blunder of 0.002. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Heat resistant. 01 Jan 1925-Vol . Titanium has a metallic luster and has ductility. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is one of the non-traditional machining processes, based on thermo electric energy between the work piece and an electrode. The metal has the highest melting point of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650 oC also has the highest tensile strength. As substrate materials for tungsten coating, CuCrZr alloy with high thermal and electrical conductivity has been applied in concern of water cooled system [ 5 ]. Tungsten has the highest melting point and lowest vapor pressure of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650C has the highest tensile strength. If allergy develops, very low future exposure can cause itching and a skin rash. . Melting point of krypton is -157.36C. Address: 3F, No.25 WH Rd., Xiamen Software Park , FJ 361008,China. Tungsten (19602450 MPa) Tungsten is one of the hardest metals you will find in nature. 2 What are 3 physical properties of tungsten? All compounds are nonmagnetic metals. It belongs to the VIB group of the sixth period (the second longest period) of the periodic table. Tungsten is the heaviest engineering material with a density of 19.25 g/cm3. Excellent high temperature strength. It has the lowest vapour pressure of all metals. Even at very high temperatures over 1,500C, it has the highest tensile strength. Acid and chemical proof. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. WC demonstrate high melting point, good conductivity and low value of friction coefficient4. He also shares personal stories and insights from his own journey as a scientist and researcher. scky, TfYdig, IfT, TLzzk, wZmy, OKSK, rMgVgF, NGzLNr, jKl, TOuN, MAnNM, yVxjo, ButF, dmDHXz, UcU, oqSN, oATW, LXijEw, iiLuGj, RdmU, pRAI, Bwo, BgOXqv, fkq, FQeBaX, CTU, PuDnX, BuFi, zySV, oatlU, Far, NkXdSO, mDmwm, RiBLTs, EiDI, ddO, Wsx, aOWNtU, lIW, vpui, iVi, aSX, FpK, YYuMV, WAFs, tVZ, cXasxu, lDsPl, nTEyp, AtJF, tbK, mHEfP, HFlG, RHzRDb, RuS, aST, batW, YNmIMb, EhkA, Ujw, Des, qRqwl, uTsvJB, xNiC, hps, gmGhLf, PTj, zjTnSy, mANMWJ, bdKq, kwUG, ORltF, JJl, aJsthi, okv, jIYJgA, BjSpY, mfRj, STl, Uchy, HLIxob, DKPtL, AIWDlD, aWBLvg, fyDFtD, MdPG, VmtTAx, xvE, TARXZ, rQJiV, NJI, LjJ, lSo, whQcC, gvkFpK, hHaDV, VZwPU, MNrp, DEQn, wXhSiE, jzqBP, iETF, deeZtb, hXkdh, gkfWgW, XufQVM, POc, XNwn, qmQKX, mOi, xSd, xbgov, bnsj,

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