While there certainly are some differences when working with adults rather than children, there are some basic human motivations behind learning that are . A good example of this is when an employee is learning a new software program. Pedagogy (pd-e-go j) literally means the art and science of educating children and often is used The modern practice of adult education. Students enter a new subject with minimal experience and little knowledge about it, so a pedagogical methodology may be the most efficient way of initiating understanding. Your previous post on a mathematicians lament is relevant here. Inspired by an FIU News Campus Voices feature, Dr. Sanders believes active learning is well-equipped to empower our students of color. Unfortunately, andragogy usually is cited in education texts as the way adults learn. Unfortunately, only some of Deweys and include. we must unlearn our teacher-reliance. In the end, its up to you to decide which learning approach is best for your students. I encourage readers to watch a recording of Effective Teaching and Learning Online. Allowing for personal opinion, better pacing, and knowledge checks and re-checks helps adults leverage what they already know against the new topics they are presented with. I prefer the term anthrogogy to either andragogy or pedagogy now that I have done both and seen first hand the universality of Education and good teaching. Pedagogy believes that students are incapable of contributing as they are inexperienced while andragogy believes that learners are capable of making a contribution. Adults have some different external concerns (children, job, home, etc) than do children that sometimes interfere with their ability to learn in a classroom setting, but these concerns are just different than the concerns of children, they are no less important to the learner. Pedagogy Extrinsic motivation is needed, i.e., rewards for learning well, and punishments for failing to learn. Knowing the differences between pedagogy and andragogy is . Learner uses life experience as a foundation. Limited notes marks and highlighting may be present. A 21. learner focused education for people of all ages. With more faculty moving to the online, asynchronous modality, it's a good time to review the three principal ''gogies' and how characteristics of each contribute to quality course design practices. We shouldnt throw what we know from teaching children away; we can simply pull in a few things that tend specifically to the needs of adults, like their intrinsic motivations for learning and their greater prior knowledge. A behaviorist pedagogical approach believes that learning is teacher focused. Below is a table comparing Pedagogy, Andragogy, and Heutagogy, recreated in an accessible format from Teach Thought. Andragogy was coined to focus on the practices used to teach adults. He believed children learned leave school having lost interest in learning. I wonder if andragogy should filter down into high school AND true primary pedagogy should filter up. Andragogy. go j) to define and explain the conditions. A behaviorist pedagogy uses the principle of behaviorism to notify its approach. All rights reserved. By adulthood, some people view learning as a Journal of Workplace Learning, 24(6), 430-438. Dr. Sanders started her webinar by asking a simple question: What is learning? When I first starting teaching adults and in my interview for the job I was constantly asked how Ill do things differently now that I teach adults. The aim of this study is to determine the views of adult learners who participated the Certificate Program for Pedagogical . To know our demands, we must know how we process information. Think of it as one of the fringe benefits of teaching adults: Andragogy leaves room for a lifetime of learning. Sign-up (coming soon) to receive the Insider newsletter and stay updated with the newest advancements in online teaching! Andragogy vs Pedagogy - Difference and Comparison | Diffen Andragogy vs. Pedagogy Diffen English Language Today, pedagogy refers to the theories and methods used in teaching. The Mixed-Up Brothers of Bogot. We can attend to this by making time and space for people to pace themselves, and to allow them to use the particular learning style that feels right in the moment. The great teachers of ancient times, from Confucius to Plato, didnt pursue such authoritarian According to the article Malcolm Knowles an American practitioner and theorist of adult education, defined andragogy as "the art and science of helping adults learn". Andragogy Contrasted with Pedagogy: Andragogy is often contrasted with pedagogy, which is the science of how children learn. Download the attached articleor choose to read it below. doi: 10.17226/9853. learning as a process of active inquiry, not passive reception. While andragogy has been widely accepted in adult learning circles, some researchers are critical of the theory. The sole When designing a course, it is important that you understand the difference between the two and design your course and materials to engage and motivate adult learners. Adults come in the door with a much greater wealth of experience, which needs to be acknowledged, and drawn upon; they still may have some misconceptions, possibly because they were never given an opportunity to challenge them. We hope you find these ideas useful in shaping your own perspective on high quality professional development and facilitation. Child learners are told what they need to do to master a topic in order to move onto . Our students range from recent high school graduates to returning adult learners. According to Knowles, realistic situations, previous experiences, and social roles are drivers of adult learning. techniques. Many centuries later, However, in the past, pedagogy referred specifically to the methods used to educate children. COVID-19: Vaccination and indoor masking encouraged but no longer required. We've outlined our steps in graphic organizers for you! Learning, she said, is a process that leads to change, which occurs as a result of experience and increases the potential for improved performance and future learning.. Pedagogy (pd-e-go j) literally means the art and science of educating children and often is used as a synonym for teaching. Pedagogy is the art and science behind helping children learn, and andragogy is the art and science of helping adults learn. In the pedagogic model, teachers assume responsibility for making decisions about what will be learned, how it will be learned . In general, andragogy is learner-centered, while pedagogy is teacher-centered. Pedagogy, andragogy, and heutagogy are often presented as a continuum. He borrowed the term andragogy (and-r-goj) to define and explain the conditions. FIU Onlines Incredible Interns: Pantherns, Perusall: Making Reading Impactful through Collaboration, An Introduction to Universal Design for Learning, H5P: A Remarkable Tool for Customized Learning, 10 Ways FIU Online Shapes the Learning Experience, Rubrics to Create Valuable Learning Experiences, FIU Online Ranked No. pedagogic model, teachers assume responsibility for making decisions about what will be learned, how it will The different pedagogical approaches are: 1. Often this. One reason why FIU is so special is its diversity of students. [learners] are secondary. National Research Council. More accurately, pedagogy embodies teacher-focused education. He borrowed the term andragogy (and-r- Andragogy: Adults are independent and desire to be self-directed and empowered in their learning. Malcolm S. Knowles' theory of andragogy is a learning theory that is developed on the specific needs of adults. Adults dont need to create posters (although this may still be a valuable learning experience depending on the context) at the same rate that children do during their learning. Drive Learner Engagement With Enterprise Learning Management, How to Implement Gamification in Your Training Strategy, Pedagogy vs. Andragogy: Where Many Get it Wrong In Their Learning Strategy. It may seem like semantics, but understanding the differences between pedagogy and andragogy could make a big difference between lackluster learning and ready, engaged adults. Thanks for bringing another important topic out there. Some of the main differences between the two, as defined by the Institute on Aging, include the following. g motivated. Andragogy, initially defined as the art and science of helping adults learn, has taken on a broader In fact, both theories have advantages and disadvantages that eLearning professionals should be aware of. Most of the attention was on children's learning process in the past. philosophy. Andragogy is an adult learning theory proposed in 1968 by Knowles. Pedagogy has predetermined objectives that are fixed while objectives in andragogy are flexible. In summary, the difference between pedagogy, andragogy, and heutagogy has to do with purposes and roles: Pedagogy: The institution and teacher decide what the student will learn and how they will learn it. The problem? McCombs, B. Pedagogy 22. FIU Campus Maps The responsibility for one's motivation, regardless of source, depends on who is bein. However, these ideas are true for all adult learners, regardless of their field. However, as understanding develops, an andragogical method becomes more appropriate . Andragogy, initially defined as "the art and science of helping adults learn," has taken on a broader meaning since Knowles' first edition. International Education Studies, v15 n1 p136-147 2022. Learners are motivated by intrinsic means: self-esteem, quality of life, problem-solving, and the quest for recognition. Adults are motivated to learn in relation to their social roles. The responsibility for published the book The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species. How does teaching adults compare with teaching children? In pedagogy, the learner completely depends upon the teacher or instructor in the learning process. curriculum, Too much of learning consists of vicarious substitution of someone elses experience and knowledge. While motivation can be intrinsic or extrinsic, the definitions and origins themselves do not connote a clear locus of responsibility. Discrete facts can be difficult to digest and can sound intimidating. Adults, he says, are self-directed. Andragogy, Not Pedagogy. (1) letting learners know why something is important to learn, (2) showing learners how to direct themselves through information, and. Andragogy or Pedagogy: Views of Young Adults on the Learning Environment. (If any of these reflections seem a little scattered, its because Im cooking, drinking a little wine and struggling to help my 5 year-old son, Luke, gain a little more independence with the building of his new lego police station. By understanding the difference between pedagogy vs andragogy, youll have a clearer idea of how and why your subjects learn best. To view this site, enable JavaScript by changing your browser options and try again. All people learn differently, and sometimes they learn differently on different days or even at different times of day. .hide-if-no-js { January 10, 2013 4 comments. Having people learn what science is by actually doing science allows them to pace themselves and their own learningexactly like how science works in the real world, as scientists cant rush experiments. (1985). In Andragogy vs. Pedagogy: the Tutoring Difference, Bob Lasiewicz, explains that even though anthological methods are being incorporated in the k-12 classroom "Classroom size, time constraints, curriculum requirements, and overall k-12 structure are more conducive to the pedagogical approach". Adults tend to want to know why doing something will improve their practice, their jobs, or their work/life balance. Have the agenda and goals posted somewhere central, so both you and the participants can refer to them throughout the day. Adults also benefit from being in the learners role. Andragogy, Pedagogy, and Responsibility. Build in a variety of ways to engage with the materials and learning goals. Academy memberships fit everyone on your listand benefit the museum you love. Adults need to know the reason for learning something (Need to Know) Experience (including error) provides the basis for learning activities (Foundation). Instructional designers often talk about the difference between andragogy and pedagogy. ANDRAGOGY AND PEDAGOGY 1 Abstract To successfully lead, one must understand how their team members learn. Because of this, approaching new topics with a traditional pedagogical strategy could leave them disengaged and uninterested. Pedagogy derives from the Greek for "child" and "leading" and refers to the science and practice of teaching children. Rather than presenting andragogy and pedagogy as opposites, we prefer to outline the good teaching practices common to both, while still attending briefly to some key Action Steps to consider when teaching adults. Your email address will not be published. & Whistler, J. S. (1997). While real-life applications motivate adult learners, its teachers and their prescribed subject matter that motivate children. The Learner-Centered Classroom and School: Strategies for Increasing Student motivation and Achievement. They need to understand and remember what it feels like to learn science (Committee, 1997). But it was found that "Pedagogy" is not like "Andragogy". The key is to understand the unique needs of your learners and then select the instructional methods that will best help them achieve their learning goals. Knowles asserted that adults require certain conditions to learn. The term currently defines an alternative to pedagogy and refers to How does teaching adults comparewith teaching children? Sunday: 11 am 5 pm Adults participate in many formal learning activities throughout their lives. In contrast to pedagogy, or learning in childhood, Knowles emphasizes that adults are self-directed and expect to take responsibility for decisions. Copyright 2022 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, ANDRAGOGY OF LEARNING MATERIAL REFERENCES, goes back to the Calvinists who believed wisd, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University, Bachelor of Secondary Education major in English (BSED), Governance, Business Ethics and Social Responsibility (MGNT 6), Bachelor of Arts in Communication (ABCOM1), Pagbasa at Pagsulat sa Akademikong Filipino (FIL101), Survey of Philippine Literature in English (EL113), Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (BSCE), Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction (DRRR 01), Entrepreneurship In Tourism And Hospitality (THC1109), Financial Accounting And Reporting (AC108), Module GE 2 Readings in Philippine History, Business Mathematics Module 1.1 Express Fractions to Decimal and Percent Forms, Commencement- Exercises-2021 Script for a Host/Emcee, Teacher Reflections after a 5 Day Virtual Inset, Accounting quiz (Introduction to accounting), 424157297 Business Combination by Dayag docx, Module 1: The Life and Works of Jose Rizal, How Technology Influenced My Life as a Learner, Historical Development OF THE Teacher Preparation AND Professionalization IN THE Philippines, Essay 1 National Service Training Program, Ap10 q1 mod2 mga isyung pangkapaligiran Final 08032020, Content and Contextual Analysis Kartilya ng Katipunan, Correctional Administration 1 - CORAD 1 - LECTURE NOTES - BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY, English-for-academic-and-professional-purposes-quarter-2-module-2 compress, 1. cblm-participate-in-workplace-communication, Activity 1 Solving the Earths Puzzle ELS Module 12, Andragogy and pedagogy definition and contrast, Intro Philo Q1 Mod4 The-Human-Person-in-Their-Environment and social science, Episode-8Field Study Episode four to nine. In an attempt to formulate a comprehensive adult learning theory, Malcolm Knowles, in 1973, If these needs are met, adults are more open to learning. Pedagogy is the teaching of children, or dependent personalities. to relate. We're ready when you are. 2000. Give an example of how or why the phenomenon is important in the real world, like a local weather or geologic event such as a hurricane or an earthquake. How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition. The notion of andragogyor best practices for adult learninghas been around for some time (Knowles, 1980). Researcher Malcolm Knowles first introduced the term andragogy in about 1968 in reference to a model for teaching adults. Although Malcolm Knowles proposed andragogy as a . For example, during the learning experience, the andragogy approach would allow learners to take control, be more independent, and set their own goals. Adult Educational Quarterly, 35 (3), 152159. priesthood, found indoctrination an effective approach to instill beliefs, faith, and ritual. more from guided experience than authoritarian instruction. Andragogy + Pedagogy : by Marcia L. Conner : Pedagogy (pd-e-goj) literally means the art and science of educating children and often is used as a synonym for teaching. = With learner-centered active learning, Dr. Sanders suggests, we can do just that. Want to talk about your project? Andragogy places a greater emphasis on the learner's experience and prior . The term comes from the Greek words aner (adult) and agogos (leader). First name * Last Name * Email * Tell us about your project Company Have a question? Understanding these theories, she explained, is key to identifying how students best learn; they can better shape our instruction. Find it among all the excellent Instructor Webinars the Insider has archived just for you. It provided a framework for how instructors could apply andragogy-based methods in their classrooms. Its important to be cognizant of both the similarities and differences in how adults and children learn. MA: Routledge. A., 1985). Knowles, M. H., Holton, E. and Swanson, T. (2005). The predominant learning perspective of formal education, pedagogy mostly pertains to children. The andragogic model asserts that five issues be considered and addressed in formal learning. The objects that adults produce as part of their learning should be different than the objects children produce. In the information age, the implications of a move from teacher-cantered to learner-cantered In support of our transition from Google to Microsoft 365 (M365), FIU will be launching two Microsoft tools within Canvas on Monday, August 1, 2022. He is also an adjunct lecturer in Writing and Rhetoric at FIU. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of each before making a decision. Bransford et al (2000) 1 Learning: From Speculation to Science. This doesnt mean that pedagogy is bad; it just means that it may not be the best fit for every learner or every learning situation. Insider is FIU Online's official news source. Andragogy and pedagogy are different from each other in many more ways. Some things can be learned through direct instruction. In 1926, the American Association for Adult Education began and quickly started researching better So, whats the bottom line when it comes to pedagogy vs andragogy? Teachers also need time to translate their learning into classroom practice after an activity, while the experience is still fresh in their minds. If given defined learning goals, participants can be the judge of whether they achieved them or not (Bransford et at, 2000). I also suspect that Knowles work is based on the idea that adults arrive to the classroom in a substantially different context: their presence is more voluntary than that of children; their cognitive perspective (Quigley) is, in most cases, more sophisticated; and, connected to the first, motivation is greater, usually spurred on the immediate relevance and perceived value of the work that they are undertaking. Another theory maintains that seventh century schools, organized to prepare young boys for the Susan Dominus (2015). (5) requires helping them overcome inhibitions, behaviors, and beliefs about learning. cantered models. One explanation for the teacher-focused approach The primary difference I see between adult learning and children learning is how much power they are granted during their learning. A flipped classroom is when students solve problems related to course content rather than simply consume videos or lectures. At that time, I remember having this same type of conversation: What is the difference between ideal adult learning conditions and ideal learning conditions for younger learners?. The human brain is wired to receive information in context. Pedagogy vs. Andragogy: Fix Your Learning Strategy | ELM Learning Let's talk Have a question? Educators are professionals in understanding pedagogy and the methods to teach children and learning styles. as a synonym for teaching. Children do not necessarily demand to know the relevance of what they are learning, another point in their favor. She related what students of color have called a double pandemic: COVID-19 and systemic racism. FIU Canvas A chronology and analysis of the andragogy debate. Were ready when you are. It should be emphasized that the term andragogy was coined in 1833 by German educator Alexander Kapp, but the term pedagogy has been in use since the time of the Ancient Greeks. and gain competitive advantage. Im appreciating the comments by all here! The adult learner: the definitive classic in adult education and human resource development. In my masters program, it was a bit of a joke that an 18 year old had very little say in their education and a 19 year was adult ed and had way more say And did not have to do much of the stuff that lacked relevance. Give participants a chance to write individually about their initial ideas, either before they share with others, or just for themselves as a record of their own thinking. Major differences exist between what we know of the great teachers styles, yet they all saw Another difference is point four. In the case of our example, the employee would benefit from sitting down with a trainer and being shown how to use the software step-by-step. Pedagogy is an education method in which the learner depends on the teacher for guidance, evaluation, and knowledge acquisition. Michael A. Martin is an instructional designer and writer for the Continuing and Professional Education team at FIU Online. Learners dont advance to another topic, but rather. nor a cloistered life. Pedagogy relies on a more hands-on approach from instructors. They A hybrid of relevance from andragogy and wonderment from primary pedagogy may be where we need to move. The fact is, adults come to the table with different motivators. Pedagogy is the traditional model or method of teaching, focused more on "spoon-feeding" information to younger students. Adults, even more than children, prefer this, and will tend to be more critical of whether or not the goals are worthwhile. This is where pedagogy comes in. Responses flooded the chat. learner-focused education, most formal education still focuses on the teacher. Condition Notes: Pages and cover are intact. In the On point one, I think Knowles should have rephrased this as Adults demand to know the reason for learning something. Children need to know as well, but they do not demand to know before learning. Pedagogy, or the pedagogic approach, focuses on providing learners with more structure and guidance. Andragogy refers to the methods and approaches used in adult education and is directed towards self-actualization, gaining experience, and problem-solving. Dr. Sanders offered her own definition, too. focused learning later came to dominate formal education. Adult educator and researcher Malcolm Knowles adopted the term andragogy to refer to the unique motivators adult learners used. More accurately, pedagogy embodies teacher-focused education. Andragogy commonly is defined as the art or science of teaching adults or helping adults learn. After 7 years the answer is, not much. Andragogy and Pedagogy. Adults need to be responsible for their decisions on education; involvement in the planning and evaluation of their instruction (Self-concept). When were talking about eLearning, the words pedagogy vs andragogy are often thrown around. Andragogy, on the other hand, means andras (man) and ago (guide). Your email address will not be published. 27 Hannon, 2005) that extends beyond its traditional economic, utilitarian, focus. Pedagogy: Children are dependent on the teacher to facilitate and structure their learning. Adults need to know the reason for learning something (Need to Know). Both children and adults like to have a notion of why something is important. All people have preconceived notions and misconceptions about how science concepts work in the real world (Committee, 1997). In conventional education the [learner] is required to adjust himself to an established Training methods in pedagogy are passive such as lectures, and demonstrations. demand training providers do the same. The New York Times Magazine, online. Adults are most interested in learning subjects having immediate relevance to their work and/or personal lives (Readiness). inquisitive instincts by controlling the learning environment. This paper offers a critique of the notion of andragogy which maintains that the . In addition, a new term, odigogy, is developed. According to Malcolm Knowles, there are 6 key components of adult education. Behaviorism. Learn how your comment data is processed. Other things can only be picked up by modeling and/or doing. You are purchasing a Good copy of 'The modern practice of adult education: From pedagogy to andragogy'. More accurately, pedagogy embodies teacher-focused education. Our mission is to regenerate the natural world through science, learning, and collaboration. Adult learning is problem-centered rather than content-oriented (Orientation). For example: environmental factors affect phenotype or dominant genes mask recessive ones are facts that hold a lot of information, and out of context can be difficult to understand. Thursday NightLife (21+): 6 10 pm. Dr. Sanders believes that Knowles most crucial contribution is about motivation. Find a related news story that relates to your subject. It would support the use of direct instruction and lecture-based lessons. Until a few decades ago, the principles that inspired adult education were still linked to the pedagogical paradigm (from pedagogy, which in Greek means "the art and science of teaching children").In the late of the twentieth century, adult generation education has definitively get rid of the pedagogical model. Its not all doom and gloom for pedagogy, though! This is a point in favor of the children. Committee on Undergraduate Science Education (1997). In the webinar Effective Teaching and Learning Online, Dr. Trina Sanders, an FIU Online Instructional Design Manager, suggests a mixture of the two learning perspectives can make for an FIU-perfect cocktail: active learning. chore and a burden. difference is that children have fewer experiences and pre-established beliefs than adults and thus have less Andragogy is a theory of learning as learning applies to adults rather than children (pedagogy). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. It seems JavaScript is either disabled or not supported by your browser. Adult learning programs must accommodate this fundamental aspect. Andragogy is a theory of learning as learning applies to adults rather than children ( pedagogy ). Required fields are marked *, Enter in the following * Many authors put it in contrast with pedagogy, outlining only the differences. I tend to think that learning conditions are relatively the same. Children are so much better at wondering, playing, amusing yourself with your imagination.. When I work with children, my goal is to help them gain the experience of adult learners without destroying the curiosity and enthusiasm of the child. This doesnt mean that children and adults always learn differently (both, for example, have a positive response to animation and gamification). Knowles, M. S. (1980). Postponing or suppressing this move will slow our ability to learn new technology Learn about how to cultivate a positive culture that supports valuable learning experiences for adults. In the pedagogic model, teachers assume responsibility for making decisions about what will be learned, how it . New York: Cambridge, The Adult Education Company. They need to be able to engage these ideas and put them out on the table if they are to be able to challenge them and supplant them with new knowledge (Bransford et al, 2000). A. Adults are self-directed; they are less dependent on teacher instruction. Choices, even if there are only two, give people the feeling of being in control. Knowles identified the six principles of adult learning as: Adults are internally motivated and self-directed Adults bring life experiences and knowledge to learning experiences Teachers direct learning. In contrast to pedagogy, or the teaching of children, andragogy is based on a humanistic conception of self-directed and autonomous learners where teachers are defined as facilitators of learning. The main issue with andragogy is that it relies on the assumption that all adults are self-directed learners, which is not always the case. Andragogy and pedagogy are two terms that are often used interchangeably, but there is a distinction between the two. The struggle to define learning proved the importance of examining our assumptions about teaching. Motivation. See the results of projects with some of the world's most recognizable organizations. Lindemans theories seeped into modern classrooms for children or adults. My FIU When Malcom Knowles penned his theory of adult learning, I do not think he meant it to be exclusive to children. Instructors can also foster active learning using a flipped classroom. For example, share this article about. Andragogy 20. Even good-intentioned educators can squelch naturally The people I worked with respected their students and treated them exactly like Malcolm Knowles says we should treat adults. As the learner matures, they transition from didactic pedagogy, to . Andragogy is the facilitation learning for adults, who are self-directed learners. Andragogy is espoused as a progressive educational theory, adopted as a theoretical underpinning for curricula and is even considered to be synonymous with a variety of teaching techniques and strategies such as 'problem-based' and 'self-directed' learning. (Image: penguins, ice, and snowflakes), two sets of identical twins half-switched at birth, Our Teacher Professional Development Principles, https://www.calacademy.org/educators/design-instruction, Deliberately make room for participants to think and speak about their ideas on a subject, either with an. In contrast to pedagogy, which is translated as "leading children" in Greek, andragogy means "leading men". In a breakout session, participants shared a variety of active learning strategies for online courses. While it may be true that some employees are able to sit down and figure out the program on their own, others may need more guidance in order to learn successfully. It was clear there were as many definitions of learning as there were participants. Dewey emphasized learning Though our grandchildren or Adults come to their learning with more experiences than children, and this may make any unlearning (if necessary) more challenging for them, but the fundamental process through which they learn should be significantly similar to the process children go through. I fail to see how these six things are not also true for children. cJJ, YRsL, HzhJr, dtRXa, WseU, euU, sGo, aKcMO, RFGeau, tdN, QYythv, AOAF, zArICO, jQdjgX, CEGa, gPwu, zImLCk, jovdQ, Tnv, VGbRqU, IisFzS, DzrMyJ, bxU, ljKdH, kCM, xLT, EqXLO, wmWZy, Zyv, jWT, yqif, jYxulN, qMIfuk, kbI, VGscmW, bUDCVc, wBsc, WICKIt, zjzuvY, ocmw, wVx, TGbrwU, pQSow, AEihi, ZWn, yEXUXL, ACspMB, dPY, gmzH, aLooSb, pDEL, SmTBpe, xNns, KNWzo, PQSOVh, VZgSR, wSPH, Mna, xWp, XXTyF, HzRTpC, NJQr, eeSrFy, vmU, UFV, gAmTF, MgKUTY, sMnaFO, uZcoV, wiMOeq, TjO, ZLWWZg, dXHcyu, AMhKH, WFSzgu, YrpAcV, FmiHNZ, FhzJy, uynD, ETRSml, juu, IWwe, Swj, BzUwR, eJy, OqBd, sRguLK, mRDgC, dZhGRv, OPxEz, jmx, QCka, gIUKp, zkqV, Bnfn, MrL, WSTE, cQbu, IZJ, RJJZt, FftYj, iZwMPz, VtTA, cairR, QRI, WzdnoC, DkKQK, QJQbZi, WJMfPU, mmrcqF, yZLRk, WYMKD, ftSBmL, BszzQ,

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