Google Scholar, Battcock M (1998) Fermented fruits and vegetables: a global perspective. 92, no. 547560, 2009. 1723, 2004. In addition to the nutritional value of fresh produce, their diverse microbiomes can pass through stomach to the gut where they establish specific associations with the host resulting in various effects on human health [3]. 220230, 2012. Fifteen samples (71.4%, ) of the locally produced fruits were positive for Enterobacteriaceae (mean = 4.9logCFUg1) while about half (53.8%, ) of the imported fruits were positive for Enterobacteriaceae (mean = 4.2logCFUg1). K. Forslund, S. Sunagawa, J. R. Kultima et al., Country-specific antibiotic use practices impact the human gut resistome, Genome Research, vol. The safest produce to eat is cooked; the next safest is washed. 2, pp. 477482, 2001. 7, pp. The counts of this pathogen in radish, sashimi, and frozen crab were 1.7, 1.7, and 2.0logCFUg1, respectively, but its enterotoxin was found in a vomit sample indicating that isolation of pathogens from foods is significant, even at low levels, as some of them might proliferate in the food products if they are not kept at proper temperature (15C for fresh fruits and vegetables) [28]. 12431244, 1997. All rights reserved. In other studies, E. faecalis was isolated from lettuce, radish, tomato, apple, cucumber, potato, sprouts, and carrot while E. faecium was isolated from dates, lettuce, tomato, and soy product [15, 43]. Bacteria were preserved at 80C using cryogenic vials with beads (Viabank, UK). Salmonella outbreaks have been linked to fresh produce. The intestines are packed with trillions of these microbes, and it is estimated that about 500 to 1000 different species of bacteria live in the human gut. Figure 4. nov. and Pluralibacter pyrinus comb. Staphylococcus aureus was counted on Baird-Parker (BP) agar after incubation at 35C for 24hrs [7]. 2022 Jul 21;11(14):2164. doi: 10.3390/foods11142164. 259268, 2001. Understanding the complex microbial ecosystem that is unique for each produce in a given country would be important to establish fully controlled systems for fruits and vegetables that can be applied during harvest, production, distribution, and marketing aimed at controlling spoilage and pathogenic microbes. can pick up dusts containing microorganisms pretty deep in them, but on the surface. K. Tamura, D. Peterson, N. Peterson, G. Stecher, M. Nei, and S. Kumar, MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 2, pp. Food Control 19(1):5055, Yan-gang L, Quan D (2011) The comparison of Chinese pickle, Japanese pickle and kimchi processing technology. 121129, 2008. And not eating the core drops the numbers to only about 10 million bacteria. 10, pp. Listeria monocytogenes or other Listeria species were detected in six samples (2%) of fruit compared to 167 samples (24%) of vegetables and six samples (26%) of fruit and vegetable mixes, but none at a level of 100 cfu/g. Noroviruses: These are viruses (also known as "Norwalk-like viruses") that cause acute gastroenteritis in humans. This study was aimed at determining the probiotic potential of a large number of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria isolated from fruit and vegetables. 235243, 2007. M. sterblad, O. Pensala, M. Peterzns, H. Heleniusc, and P. Huovinen, Antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from vegetables, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 4, pp. Study on application of lactic acid bacteria technology to the processing of traditional pickled mustard tuber. 32, no. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help CAS Only families and unclassified groupings representing at least three percent on any produce type are represented. Determining the microbial quality of fresh produce served in hospitals would be of particular importance because translocation of pathogenic or opportunistic pathogens either to immunocompromised patients or to other environments in the hospitals might give these bacteria and/or their pathogenicity genetic determinants a better chance to be involved in the disease process. But recent research has turned up something amazing - there is a wide diversity of many microbes occurring naturally on fruits, vegetables, and other foods that we eat daily. 43, no. University of Colorado researchers J. Leff and N. Fierer analyzed 11 types of produce (e.g. Although their microflora is dominated by spoilage bacteria, yeasts, and molds, fruits and vegetables can harbor pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Clostridium botulinum, as well as some viruses and parasites [6]. Changsha, China, Wei T (2013) Analysis of microorganism community structure in the fermentation process of Sichuan tradition pickles and industrial pickles. (2007). Food Ferment Technol 47(4):59, Yao-guang Z, Cheng-dong C (1994) Mechanism and influencing factors of vegetable pickling. 309319, 2013. 59, no. Austrian researchers Wassermann et al. Some gut microbes are associated with health and some with inflammation and diseases so you want to feed those that are linked to health. J Med Food 17(1):620, Pimentel TC, Madrona GS, Garcia S, Prudencio SH (2015) Probiotic viability, physicochemical characteristics and acceptability during refrigerated storage of clarified apple juice supplemented with Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. Human illness associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection may include hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). MayoClinic.com indicates that other common bacteria on raw vegetables that can make you ill include Shigella, Giardia lamblia, Listeria, Rotavirus and Noroviruses. In this study, the 3 isolates of E. aphidicola (from imported capsicum and cucumber) as identified by PCR were identified as Pantoea spp. Pseudocitrobacter is a new genus in the family of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudocitrobacter faecalis was isolated from a stool sample of a patient and was found to possess NDM-1 carbapenemase which confers resistance to carbapenem antibiotics [32]. Instead, perhaps view microbe-rich fresh produce as probiotic foods to be eaten daily! 696698, 2007. S. A. Al-Maiman and D. Ahmad, Changes in physical and chemical properties during pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit maturation, Food Chemistry, vol. Foods rich in anti-oxidant polyphenols may both prevent and speed up the healing of ulcers. Who knew? Int J Food Microbiol 123(1):5060, Tsen JH, Lin YP, King VAE (2009) Response surface methodology optimisation of immobilised lactobacillus acidophilus banana puree fermentation. Moresca and Kalamata). A total of 4514 subjects over 65 years of age participated in a dental survey, health behavior interview, and 24 h dietary recall test for the Korea . Relationships between bacterial communities on, Figure 2. 7992, 2006. 2022 Jul 11;13:872281. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.872281. E. coli and S. aureus were isolated from 22% and 7% of vegetables, respectively. Other researchers found that both animal (e.g. Method 1. Fruits, 349354, 1997. 2013 Dec 1;13:274. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-274. 1-2, pp. 3, Article ID e59310, pp. Foodborne Pathogens Associated with Fresh Fruits and Vegetables (PDF), Foodborne Pathogens Associated with Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, Broadband Access Is a Challenge in Rural Affordable Housing, Puerto Rico Moves to Limit Coastal Damage From Hurricanes, Lack of Financing Keeps Many Out of Manufactured Homes. (2) Identification of Bacteria by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Sci Rep. 2020 May 22;10(1):8560. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65587-9. Enterococcus species grouped into different clusters (50100% bootstrap support; Figure 5). Our results demonstrated that the fruits and vegetables harbored diverse bacterial communities, and the communities on each produce type were significantly distinct from one another. 17, 1985. Samples were analyzed in a safety cabinet (Purifier class II, Labconco, Kansas, USA) and cut using sterile scalpels. The quality and quantity of DNA were checked using NanoDrop 2000 (Thermoscientific, USA). Bacterial communities associated with the surface of fresh sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) and their potential as biocontrol. The paper towel will absorb any extra moisture, allowing the berries to stay fresh longer, Disha . 4, no. paracasei and oligofructose in different package type. Phylogenetic analysis showed grouping of most bacterial isolates with the reference strains obtained from NCBI, except for few species mainly from the Enterobacteriaceae. J Food Sci 56: 459461. Pathogenic bacteria cause many serious diseases of vegetables. Part of Springer Nature. PCR products were sent for sequencing at Macrogen (Korea) using the same primers used for amplification. When it enters the body, this bacteria will action an incubation period of 6 hours to 6 days until it causes symptoms. The isolated bacteria were identified by molecular (PCR) and biochemical methods (VITEK 2). Before Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. PubMed Planting a variety of tomato plants helps minimize risks because different strains tend to process and accumulate pesticides differently. 428442, 1993. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the J Food Sci 73: M257M263. 4, pp. Hepatitis A outbreaks have been linked to fruits, vegetables, salads and with infected workers in food processing plants. The amounts of bacteria found in produce can be staggering. 21412150, 2005. 3, pp. A. W. Paton and J. C. Paton, Enterobacter cloacae producing a Shiga-like toxin II-related cytotoxin associated with a case of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 18, no. Since 2001, there have been a dozen other outbreaks of foodborne illness linked to produce contaminated by similar bacterial pathogens ( Kozak, MacDonald, Landry, & Farber, 2013 ). Food Qual Prefer 15(78):751759, Martnez-Castellanos G, Pelayo-Zaldvar C, Prez-Flores LJ, Lpez-Luna A, Gimeno M, Brzana E, Shirai K (2011) Postharvest litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) These harmful microbes have resulted in serious disease outbreaks and even deaths, which is why it is so important to properly handle produce to prevent diseases. BMC Microbiol. Fruits and vegetables that are mostly eaten raw were selected for this study. 11631169, 2013. Filed under: The foods most commonly associated with these bacteria are untreated milk, poultry, and fruits and vegetables. -, Oliveira M, Usall J, Vias I, Anguera M, Gatius F, et al. Serratia liquefaciens was also found to cause bloodstream infection [37]. The dendrogram is based on mean Bray-Curtis dissimilarities and shows differences among produce types in the overall composition of the bacterial communities. C. Iaria, G. Stassi, G. B. Costa, R. di Leo, A. Toscano, and A. Cascio, Enterococcal meningitis caused by Enterococcus casseliflavus. They came from many different. 2019 Jun 14;9(30):17514-17520. doi: 10.1039/c9ra03290h. Then bootstrap 50% majority-rule consensus trees were generated (1000 replications). 20, pp. The heatmap shows mean relative abundances (%) of bacterial families on produce types. Even how the food was farmed, whether organic or conventional, makes a difference on what is found on and in the food. Typical symptoms include abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and blood, pus, or mucus in stools. APC differed significantly between the different types of fruits (ANOVA, , = 0.05) and vegetables (ANOVA, , = 0.05). This bacteria has a dark side, however. All rights reserved. However, certain produce types (i.e., sprouts, spinach, lettuce, tomatoes, peppers, and strawberries) tended to share more similar communities as they all had high relative abundances of taxa belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae when compared to the other produce types (i.e., apples, peaches, grapes, and mushrooms) which were dominated by taxa belonging to the Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria phyla. Agric Food Prod Sci Technol 2(4):3336, Zheng X, Yu Y, Xiao G, Xu Y, Wu J, Tang D, Zhang Y (2014) Comparing product stability of probiotic beverages using litchi juice treated by high hydrostatic pressure and heat as substrates. Juicing eliminates fiber naturally found in whole fruits and . H. Abriouel, N. B. Omar, A. C. Molinos et al., Comparative analysis of genetic diversity and incidence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance among enterococcal populations from raw fruit and vegetable foods, water and soil, and clinical samples, International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. 49, no. However, there are a minority of strains such as serotype O157:H7 that may cause human illness. 2, pp. Geographic and Host-Associated Variations in Bacterial Communities on the Floret Surfaces of Field-Grown Broccoli. It was reported that high levels of S. aureus of >4logCFUg1 might indicate enterotoxin production [14]. Likewise, it was shown that sequencing of 16S rRNA gene could be accurately used to generate phylogenetic relationships of the genus Staphylococcus [66]. 2021 Oct;66(5):715-725. doi: 10.1007/s12223-021-00896-8. 32, no. E. faecalis and E. faecium might be a better indicator of human fecal contamination than Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus mundtii that are more prevalent in environment [44]. It appears that the microbes in the foods we eat is the main way we introduce and populate our gut microbiome throughout much of life. Raw fruits and vegetables can become contaminated with harmful bacteria. It was shown that genetic exchange of virulence determinants can occur between food and clinical isolates of E. faecium [45]. Opportunistic pathogens can cause life-threatening infections mainly in immunocompromised people but they may have positive effects on the health of immunocompetent individuals by stimulating immune functions and priming the immune system continuously [3]. As shown by many researches vegetables are often contaminated with coliform bacteria. CDC estimates that germs on fresh produce cause a large percentage of foodborne illnesses in the United States. 1999; Erzinger and Vitolo 2006). probiotic, 39, no. Fruits and vegetables seem also to be the sources that disseminate many microbes to food preparation areas [11]. 409411, 2009. tic acid bacteria (LAB) do not, although they are able to metabolize it (Tani and Vongsuvanlert 1987; Silveira et al. 3849, 2008. D. J. Reasoner and E. E. Geldreich, A new medium for the enumeration and subculture of bacteria from potable water, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. A total of 15 species of Enterobacteriaceae were similarly identified by VITEK 2 and PCR (Table 2). In this study, local cabbage and radish and imported radish contained this unsatisfactory level (Figure 1). Later on, this species was recognized as an important plant pathogen especially for beans [34]. But did you know that one apple can also contain about 100 million bacteria? Therefore, it can not only facilitate the preservation but also increase the added value and meet the market demand for product diversity by applying lactic acid bacteria to the processing of fruit and vegetables. APC can be used to monitor the hygienic quality of a product throughout processing and distribution [18] but it is difficult to be used to draw a conclusion on the safety of a product [19]. Principal coordinates analysis plots showing. Bean sprouts were linked to two outbreaks in USA, in 2014; one was caused by L. monocytogenes in August while Salmonella Enteritidis caused the other one just a month later. In another study, it was found that bacterial contam ination of fruits and salad vegetables (tomato, cucumber etc.) 2010, Article ID 134086, 2 pages, 2010. Badosa E, Trias R, Pars D, Pla M, Montesinos E, et al. Almed et al. 608615, 2010. 10, pp. (2008) Microbiological quality of fresh fruit and vegetable products in Catalonia (Spain) using normalised plate-counting methods and real time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR). 13081315, 2012. Our results showed that the counts of Enterobacteriaceae were comparable to APCs (Figure 1) and only pomegranate was free from bacteria belonging to this family (Table 1). Three samples were obtained for each fruit or vegetable type originated from the same country. S. aureus was found only in local radish with a mean count of 2.5logCFUg1. In the past, researchers cultured bacteria, but that detected only a small percentage of microbes generally the harmful bacteria. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 725728, 1999. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 6, pp. China Condiment (10):4246, Zhang J-W, Cao Y-S (2005) Antioxidative activities of lactic acid bacteria. Austrian researchers Wassermann et al. Vegetables. C. Sprer, U. Mendrock, J. Swiderski, E. Lang, and E. Stackebrandt, The phylogenetic position of Serratia, Buttiauxella and some other genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. However, to genus level, 14 isolates were not similarly identified by the 2 techniques. Biotechnol Res Int 2014:250424, CrossRef J Inn Mong Inst Agric Anim Husbandry 16(1):5460, Xiang-yang W, Bing D, Xing-wei Y, Ling Y (2015) The effect of clove on the storage property of pickled cabbage. Toxigenic molds may grow on fruits that are processed into fruit juices. Moreover, it is possible that opportunistic pathogens might emerge as important pathogens in future [3]. In conclusion, this study analyzed for the first time the microbial load of some fresh fruits and vegetables in Oman at the point of retail sale. 5, pp. Epub 2021 Jul 14. peaches) shared some bacterial families, and vegetables grown close to the soil (e.g. eCollection 2022. All these microbes are important for proper immune system function, for getting nutrients from foods, protecting us from harmful microbes (pathogens), and metabolic health. 2, pp. Da Li University. However, vegetables like lettuce, cabbages, etc. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene gave good discrimination of the genus Enterococcus into 8 clusters, namely, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. mundtii, E. gilvus, E. raffinosus, E. casseliflavus, E. faecalis, and E. sulfureus (Figure 5, bootstrap percentages 50100). 56, no. Food Mach (4):208211, Yong N (2003) Assimilation of cholesterol by lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Once ingested, antibiotic resistance genes, if present, may be transferred to the normal flora of the human gut and thus possibly to the pathogenic bacteria [26] especially if these resistance determinants can persist in the human gut for as long as a year as was proposed by Forslund and colleagues [27]. The pH is 4.0-4.5 and the lactic acid concentration is 0.85-1.0%. In their study, biochemical tests showed that this species was the closest to Erwinia herbicola and Pantoea agglomerans but DNA-DNA hybridization separated it into a new species. Although potentially driven by factors other than farming practice, we also observed significant differences in community composition between conventional and organic analogs within produce types. Intercountry passage of opportunistic pathogens in fresh produce cannot be ruled out, which requires better management. The most common bacterial agents are Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas spp., Corynebacterium, Xanthomonas campestris, and lactic acid bacteria with E. carotovora being the most common, attacking virtually every vegetable type. are the most commonly identified aetiological agent associated with fresh produce-related infection, isolated in 48% of cases between 1973 and 1997 in the USA ( Sivaplasingham et al. In this study, E. faecalis was isolated from lettuce imported from Jordan and Iran and from radish, mango, and papaya produced in Oman while E. faecium was isolated from cabbage produced in Oman and from lettuce imported from Jordan. The origin and number of positive samples of fruits and vegetables are shown in Table 1 while Figure 1 shows the counts of different bacterial groups in different fruits and vegetables used in this study. Outbreaks that were linked to Salmonella Poona in cucumbers, S. Enteritidis in bean sprouts, E. coli O121 in raw clover sprouts, in 2014, and E. coli O157:H7 in ready-to-eat salads in 2013 are just some examples [10]. Vegetables, whole grains, and fruits. The gut microbiome is the huge community of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that live in our intestines. Ponce AG, Agero MV, Roura SI, del Valle CE, Moreira MR (2008) Dynamics of Indigenous Microbial Populations of Butter Head Lettuce Grown in Mulch and on Bare Soil. Origin of fruits and vegetables and the number of positive samples for different microbial counts. Int J Food Microbiol 103(1):9196, Kim JY, Lee MY, Ji GE, Lee YS, Hwang KT (2009) Production of -aminobutyric acid in black raspberry juice during fermentation by lactobacillus brevis GABA100. A diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are beneficial for more than just your general health. Pomegranate juice [2] and extracts [22, 23] were shown to possess antibacterial activity but the low pH of about 3.5 of pomegranate [24] might also have contributed to this inhibitory activity. This bacteria is commonly found in chicken, eggs, meat, even raw fruits and vegetables, especially bean sprouts. nov., Kosakonia oryzae comb. Vegetables are usually grown closer to soil than fruits and thus might be contaminated easily from soil [21]. Google Scholar, Yoon KY, Woodams EE, Hang YD (2005) Fermentation of beet juice by beneficial lactic acid bacteria. 37, no. 18081810, 1985. The 5 isolates (including 2 reference strains) of S. aureus also grouped together with a very high bootstrap support (100%; Figure 4). Google Scholar, Chang-jian L, Ben-guo J, Bo J, Qiu L, Yu-bo C (2011) Screening, identification and cholesterol-lowering probiotic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria MR25. Thirty-three bacteria were not similarly identified to species level by VITEK 2 and PCR (Table 3). PHLS Advisory Committee for Food and Dairy Products, Communicable Disease and Public Health, vol. King AD, Magnuson JA, Trk T, Goodman N (1991) Microbial flora and storage quality of partially processed lettuce. 2, pp. Sequino G, Valentino V, Torrieri E, De Filippis F. Foods. The natural acidity of most fruits also serves as a bar-rier to many spoilage microbes, especially bacteria. L. monocytogenes was also involved in another outbreak that was linked to caramel apples in October 2014 in USA [10]. Principal coordinates analysis plots showing differences in bacterial community composition between farming practices. There is only one ocean, essential to the life of everyone on Earthand it faces perils like never before. Food Res Dev 36(20):6063, Islam MK, Hasan MS, Al Mamun MA, Kudrat-E-Zahan M, Al-Bari MAA (2015) Lemon juice synergistically preserved with lactobacilli ameliorates inflammation in shigellosis mice. Twenty-five grams of the cut sample was weighed in a sterile stomacher bag and mixed with 225mL of Maximum Recovery Diluent (MRD) and homogenized for 1min using a stomacher (Bagmixer 100 MiniMix, Interscience, Bois Arpents, France). 134, no. In Oman, large quantities of fruits and vegetables are imported nearly from all around the world to provide a year-round supply [12] to this country which is located at the cross-roads of the exchange of cultivated plants [13]. Fresh, Leafy vegetables were reported to give greater APC than nonleafy vegetables [7]. PMC Specific Microbial Communities Are Selected in Minimally-Processed Fruit and Vegetables according to the Type of Product. and inulin or fructooligosaccharides. After harvest, vegetables are often spoiled by a wide variety of microorganisms including many bacterial and fungal species. Enterococcus was isolated from 20% of fruits and 42% of vegetables. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7283-4_7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7283-4_7, eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0). MeSH 1, pp. Food Sci 22(9):5255, Chun-li Z, Wei L, Hui L, Jing Z, Chi Y, Quan-hong L (2014) Mixed culture fermentation of pumpkin juice and its aroma analysis. However, non-pasteurized apple cider has been involved in a salmonellosis outbreak as well as an E. coli 0157:H1 outbreak. found that eating an entire apple, including the core and seeds, would result in the ingestion of about 100 million bacterial cells! PubMed It is possible that a certain association does exist between APC and a particular pathogen but it depends on the type of a product and needs a large number of samples to be tested. Lanto Health LLC. The normal flora of many fruits and vegetables contains bacteria within the group of Enterobacteriaceae that might be present at high counts [28]. Mod Food Sci Technol 30(5):301310, Chun-yan L, Ming-fu D, Jiao X, Ting Z, Li-wen S, Biao P (2015) Study on the flavor of different lactic acid bacteria inoculated fermentation pickle. V. Drelichman and J. D. Band, Bacteremias due to Citrobacter diversus and Citrobacter freundii: incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. was correlated with the fact that it is typically eaten without thermal. H. Harada, H. Oyaizu, Y. Kosako, and H. Ishikawa, Erwinia aphidicola, a new species isolated from pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Journal of General and Applied Microbiology, vol. The Mayo Clinic states that a vitamin-rich diet can aid in your body's ulcer healing. The genus of Enterobacter is one of the largest genera in the family Enterobacteriaceae having at least 19 species. In this study, R. aquatilis was isolated from carrot (Australia) and lettuce (Iran) (Table 2). The amounts of bacteria found in produce can be staggering. 4, pp. G. Berg, A. Erlacher, K. Smalla, and R. Krause, Vegetable microbiomes: is there a connection among opportunistic infections, human health and our 'gut feeling'? Microbial Biotechnology, vol. 76, no. The researchers thought that the variety of species found on organic apples was especially effective at suppressing harmful bacteria. China Brew 28(2):6264, Xiao-lin A, Xiao-ping Z, Ling S, Xian-qin Z (2011) Identification of two lactic acid bacterial strains isolated from Sichuan pickles and effect of fermentation conditions on the quality of pickles co-fermented by them. The family of microbes also varies wildly, depending on the type of produce and the cultivation methods used. This is why a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables are so important to eat each contributes different species. Don't miss our latest facts, findings, and survey results in The Rundown. These include E. coli, Listeria, Shigella, and Salmonella. Pantoea agglomerans (formerly Enterobacter agglomerans) and Rahnella aquatilis are opportunistic pathogens as well [30]. was correlated with the fact that it is typically eaten without thermal treatment. E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus casseliflavus, and Enterobacter cloacae were the most abundant species; many are known as opportunistic pathogens which may raise concern to improve the microbial quality of fresh produce. The second method was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting bacterial 16S rRNA [16]. China Condiment (11):79, Xiang-yang W, Zhou T, Long J (2016) Effect of salt and lactobacillus additive amount on the processing technology and preservation of pickled radish. Staphylococcus aureus or S.aureus is found on our skin, in our nose, armpit, groin and other warm parts of your body. 80% of tomatoes sampled were contaminated with multiple pesticides. Microbiomes Associated With the Surfaces of Northern Argentinian Fruits Show a Wide Species Diversity. 503509, 1999. And not eating the core drops the numbers to "only" about 10 million bacteria. Beijing, China, Guang-yan Z, Xiao-ping Z, Kai Z, Gui-dan S (2006) Effect of different lactic acid bacteria inoculation on the nitrite concentration and the quality of pickle. 105, no. There are some vegetables that have pores on the skin, that allows microbes to get in ( like our skin with hair follicle). 10111018, 2011. Similar to the result of others [43], E. casseliflavus was the most common species of Enterococcus (13 isolates, Table 2). Common Bacteria Campylobacter is a type of bacteria that is most commonly found in raw foods or in foods that have touched another food or person with Campylobacter. Fresh fruit and vegetables carry an abundance of bacteria on their surfaces, not all of which cause disease. L. L. McGowan, C. R. Jackson, J. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Disclaimer: Everyone has a unique sinus microbiome and results may vary. Wounds can result from damage by insects, other pathogens, and tools during operations such as pruning and picking. quality preservation by lactobacillus plantarum. 2018 Apr 2;84(8):e02837-17. Viruses are a frequent cause of foodborne outbreaks, and many outbreaks of viral infection are attributed to consumption of contaminated fresh fruits and vegetables. Chin J Microecol 22(2):110113, Xing-zhuang, W., Hua, Z., Xiao-li, Z., Xin, F., Chang-yi, L., Chao, C. (2013). Microbial Community Analysis and Food Safety Practice Survey-Based Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment for Controlled Environment Hydroponic/Aquaponic Farming Systems. In this study, one isolate was identified as P. faecalis (from local mango) by PCR (Table 3). F. Rezzonico, T. H. Smits, E. Montesinos, J. E. Frey, and B. Duffy, Genotypic comparison of Pantoea agglomerans plant and clinical strains, BMC Microbiology, vol. Probiotics are live microorganisms found in fermented foods and drinks, such as kombucha, kimchi, sourdough, and sauerkraut. The sequencing results were compared with those found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using BLAST search. Klebsiella pneumoniae was one of the most dominant species in this study and was isolated from local cabbage, dates, mango, and papaya and from imported capsicum (Jordan), banana (Philippine), and watermelon (Iran). S. aureus was isolated only from 3 local radish samples (mean = 2.5logCFUg1). Boxplot of taxon richness for each produce type and conventional (C) and organic, Figure 2. T. G. Emori and R. P. Gaynes, An overview of nosocomial infections, including the role of the microbiology laboratory, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. Being sources of high energy and rich in minerals, vitamins, fibers, and phenolics, fruits and vegetables constitute an important food group that has been linked to maintenance of well-being of individuals [1] and to reduced incidence of some chronic diseases [2]. Additional information can be found at: FDA, CFSAN Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook, Bad Bug Book (2008) http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/intro.html. e121e124, 2005. 483489, 2011. This work was supported with funding from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundations Microbiology of the Built Environment Program. 11, pp. It is the most common cause of staph infections. L. A. Grohskopf, V. R. Roth, D. R. Feikin et al., Serratia liquefaciens bloodstream infections from contamination of epoetin alfa at a hemodialysis center, The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. Citrobacter freundii, isolated from tomato, Netherlands, in this study, was reported to cause nosocomial bacteremia [38]. 155, no. A. Elemam, J. Rahimian, and W. Mandell, Infection with panresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: a report of 2 cases and a brief review of the literature, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 2022 May 19;13:879260. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.879260. Breverage Ind 23(2):2123, Sabatini N, Mucciarella MR, Marsilio V (2008) Volatile compounds in uninoculated and inoculated table olives with lactobacillus plantarum (Olea europaea L., cv. 8, no. A. 2004) and in 41% of cases during 1992-2000 in the UK (Health Protection Agency Figures). C. Brady, I. Cleenwerck, S. Venter, T. Coutinho, and P. De Vos, Taxonomic evaluation of the genus Enterobacter based on multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA): Proposal to reclassify E. nimipressuralis and E. amnigenus into Lelliottia gen. nov. as Lelliottia nimipressuralis comb. K. pneumoniae and R. aquatilis made distinct clear clusters while other isolates belonging to Enterobacteriaceae made several groups (Figure 2). Eating a variety of real foods, including fresh produce, is the most important thing one can do for gut health. C. Hgenauer, C. Langner, E. Beubler et al., Klebsiella oxytoca as a causative organism of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis, The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 8183, 2001. 1, pp. However, most of the work on produce-associated bacteria has focused on a relatively small number of pathogenic bacteria and, as a result, we know far less about the overall diversity and composition of those bacterial communities found on produce and how the structure of these communities varies across produce types. Foerst P, Santivarangkna C, CrossRef This study, as part of a study on the dietary lives of elderly people, investigates the association between plant food (fruit + non-starchy vegetable) intake and the prevention of periodontal disease among elderly people aged over 65 years. However, there was no relationship between clustering of isolates and the countries or commodities from which they were obtained. Three species within the genus of Enterococcus that were not similarly identified by VITEK 2 and PCR are not included in the VITEK 2 latest version database including E. mundtii (isolates numbers 20, 31, 33, and 36), E. sulfureus (isolates numbers 21 and 27), and E. gilvus (isolate number 45). 6, pp. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Most studies report the presence of pathogens in fruits and vegetables but the counts are rarely documented [5]. Gorrasi S, Pasqualetti M, Muoz-Palazon B, Novello G, Mazzucato A, Campiglia E, Fenice M. Microorganisms. Spinach, tomatoes, bean sprouts, cantaloupe and lettuce are some of the produce implicated in both E. coli and salmonella outbreaks in the United States. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Food Ferment Ind (2):1824, Lim J-H, Park S-S, Jeong J-W, Park K-J, Seo K-H, Sung J-M (2013) Quality characteristics of kimchi fermented with abalone or sea tangle extracts. T. J. Eaton and M. J. Gasson, Molecular screening of Enterococcus virulence determinants and potential for genetic exchange between food and medical isolates, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. A. Hejazi and F. R. Falkiner, Serratia marcescens, Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol. L. R. Beuchat, Ecological factors influencing survival and growth of human pathogens on raw fruits and vegetables, Microbes and Infection, vol. 3, pp. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02837-17. Most of the bacteria are in the apple, and not on the skin. Conserving Marine Life in the United States, International Boreal Conservation Campaign, Protecting Coastal Wetlands and Coral Reefs, U.S. Public Lands and Rivers Conservation, http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/prodgui4.html, Government Can Protect Patients From Stem Cell Therapies, Exploring the Complicated Biology Behind Depression. The study will also investigate genetic relationships between bacteria isolated from fruits and vegetables originated from different countries in the world. Jackson CR, Randolph KC, Osborn SL, Tyler HL. In: Wood BJB (ed) Microbiology of fermented foods. However, Chinas annual losses in fruit and vegetable products amount to tens of billions of yuan due to the lag of processing technology and industrialization and the lack of storage and processing methods, and the cost of losses is also at the top in the world. Samples were purchased from local markets in Muscat or Nizwa, Oman, during the period of April to September 2014. Samples were rarefied at 200 sequences per sample. 994996, 2003. J. M. T. Hamilton-Miller and S. Shah, Identity and antibiotic susceptibility of enterobacterial flora of salad vegetables, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol. Figure 1. Xylitol is a five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from D-xylose. PubMed Food Ind Technol (5):2326, Ying C, Jin-hui W, Wen-ling-zi Z, Xin-yi H (2015) Study on quality cucumber pickles fermented by lactic acid bacteria. (1) Identification of Bacteria by VITEK 2. They found that people are exposed to substantially different bacteria depending on the types of fresh produce they consume, where the produce had been grown, and whether it had been conventionally or organically farmed. K. Gqunta, J. van Wyk, P. Ekermans, C. Bamford, C. Moodley, and S. Govender, First report of an IMI-2 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter asburiae clinical isolate in South Africa, Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. Adv Probiotic Technol 1:356374. Norovirus outbreaks have been linked to contaminated water and salad ingredients. R. Ruimy, A. Brisabois, C. Bernede et al., Organic and conventional fruits and vegetables contain equivalent counts of Gram-negative bacteria expressing resistance to antibacterial agents, Environmental Microbiology, vol. Escherichia coli O157:H7: Most E. coli strains are nonpathogenic (they suppress harmful bacterial growth), and are commonly found in the intestines of all animals, including humans. Fenugreek sprouts were found to be contaminated with the causative agent [9]. 8600 Rockville Pike 7, pp. 19, no. 58, no. The viable number of lactic acid bacteria is 10 6 -10 8 cfu/ml, and the soluble solid content is more than 5%. 355, no. CAS - 104.131.45.180. 12, pp. 1. Folia Microbiol (Praha). Beverage Ind 6(6):2731, Kim M, Chun J (2005) Bacterial community structure in kimchi, a Korean fermented vegetable food, as revealed by 16S rRNA gene analysis. 23, pp. ; dates, Phoenix dactylifera; mango, Mangifera indica; papaya, Carica papaya; pomegranate, Punica granatum; tomato, Solanum lycopersicum; and watermelon, Citrullus lanatus) and 6 types of fresh imported or locally produced vegetables (cabbage, Brassica oleracea; capsicum, Capsicum annuum; carrot, Daucus carota; cucumber, Cucumis sativus; lettuce, Lactuca sativa; and radish, Raphanus sativus). Many of them are considered as opportunistic pathogens capable of establishing infections in immunocompromised individuals. B. Barrett, L. M. Hiott, and P. J. Fedorkacray, Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from retail fruits, vegetables, and meats, Journal of Food Protection, vol. 5, pp. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. Microbiology of Fresh Produce: Route of Contamination, Detection Methods, and Remedy. 24, no. A. Khajuria, A. K. Praharaj, N. Grover, and M. Kumar, First report of an Enterobacter ludwigii isolate coharboring NDM-1 and OXA-48 carbapenemases, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. As common microbes in fermented food, lactic acid bacteria not only can improve the flavor and storage of the product but also have certain health functions. R. J. Gilbert, J. de Louvois, T. Donovan et al., Guidelines for the microbiological quality of some ready-to-eat foods sampled at the point of sale. Each produce type had substantially different bacterial communities, but some types of bacteria were common across several types of produce. K. Nguz, J. Shindano, S. Samapundo, and A. Huyghebaert, Microbiological evaluation of fresh-cut organic vegetables produced in Zambia, Food Control, vol. Comparison of the Peel-Associated Epiphytic Bacteria of Anthocyanin-Rich "Sun Black" and Wild-Type Tomatoes under Organic and Conventional Farming. The authors thank Sultan Qaboos University for providing financial support for this study. 271274, 2009. 2, pp. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Enterococcus spp. Enterococcus was isolated from all types of the tested fruits and vegetables (local and/or imported) except banana, pomegranate, carrot, and capsicum (Table 1). The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Members within Enterobacteriaceae have close genetic relationships and species often give polyphyletic groups in trees constructed using 16S rRNA sequences [6365]. While eating fruits and vegetables is always better than not eating them, choosing organic produce over conventionally grown produce may be the better choice. According to the CDC, 1600 people contract Listeria every year, with an average of 260 fatalities arising. 27312739, 2011. Sharing charts, maps, and more to show who Americans are, how policy affects the everyday, and how we can use data to make a difference. eCollection 2019 May 29. Data Disk 6.1 (Data Description, Inc., New York, USA) was used to perform the statistical tests to identify any significant differences which were considered as . 51, no. 3, pp. . The thermal profile (Veriti 96-well Thermal cycler, Applied Biosystems, Singapore) for PCR reaction was as follows: denaturation at 95C for 2min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 95C for 30sec, annealing at 54C for 30sec, and extension at 72C for 1min. Relationships between bacterial communities on each produce type and relative abundances of bacterial, Figure 3. 281295, 2005. In fruits, vegetables and meat Klebsiella was the most potent spoiling bacteria. CAS ), 22L of sterile milliQ water, and 1L of the DNA sample to PCR reaction tubes containing PCR beads (puReTaq Ready-To-Go PCR beads, GE Healthcare, UK). S. Kuramoto, H. Kodama, K. Yamada et al., Food poisoning attributable to Staphylococcus aureus deficient in all of the staphylococcal enterotxoin gene so far reported, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. Their sources could be environmental, food, or unknown. Enterococcus was isolated from 20% of fruits and 42% of vegetables. ISME J: 111. However, other researchers [42] reported that S. aureus was attributed to be the cause of a food poisoning outbreak in a hotel in Japan in 2005 where pickled radish was one of the sources that S. aureus was isolated from. Cyclospora outbreaks have been linked to fresh raspberries, mesclun lettuce, and basil or basil-containing products. herbs, masala spice mixes) also have unique and diverse microbiomes, and that not only where it was grown and farming practices (organic or conventional), but also how the food was handled and packaged are important in determining the bacterial communities of the food. Lactic acid bacteria: foundations, techniques and applications. We are driven by the power of knowledge to solve today's most challenging problems. Figure 4. Google Scholar, Dogahe MK, Khosravi-Darani K, Tofighi A, Dadgar M, Mortazavian AM (2015) Effect of process variables on survival of bacteria in probiotics enriched pomegranate juice. This document summarizes the major foodborne microbial pathogens that may be found in fresh produce, including Cyclospora cayetanensis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Hepatitis A, Listeria monocytogenes, Norovirus, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp.1. Hunan Agricultural University. (2010) Microbiological quality of fresh lettuce from organic and conventional production. 2, pp. Innovative Food Sci Emerg Technol 23(3):6167, Zhi-qun Y (1986) Xiaoshan radish. S. S. Al-Abri, A. K. Al-Jardani, M. S. Al-Hosni, P. J. Kurup, S. Al-Busaidi, and N. J. Beeching, A hospital acquired outbreak of Bacillus cereus gastroenteritis, Oman, Journal of Infection and Public Health, vol. Food Microbiol 27: 679684. 1722, 2014. Pomegranate was found to be the least contaminated fruit having APC of 1.1 and 3.2logCFUg1 (local and imported, resp.) 6, no. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of this species from fresh produce. 14331438, 1999. 47, no. Phylogenetic trees showed no relationship between clustering of the isolates based on the 16S rRNA gene and the original countries of fresh produce. M. J. Allen, S. C. Edberg, and D. J. Reasoner, Heterotrophic plate count bacteriawhat is their significance in drinking water? International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. Aliquots of PCR products were checked by subjecting them to 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis and viewing them by GelDoc. S. Mathur and R. Singh, Antibiotic resistance in food lactic acid bacteriaa review, International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. A. N. Olaimat and R. A. Holley, Factors influencing the microbial safety of fresh produce: a review, Food Microbiology, vol. 4, pp. The count of Enterobacteriaceae in LF was significantly greater than the count in IF (ANOVA, , = 0.05) but it did not differ significantly between LV and IV (ANOVA, , = 0.05). Probiotics are beneficial bacteria for humans. A. Gherbawy, and B. The bacterial agent most responsible for contamination has been E. coli traced to the droppings of nearby livestock or feral animals in the area. nov., and Pseudocitrobacter anthropi sp. In another study, it was found that bacterial contamination of fruits and salad vegetables (tomato, cucumber etc.) Bingyong Mao . Potential Bacteria Growth. 51895190, 2013. nov, isolated from fecal samples from hospitalized patients in Pakistan, Systematic and Applied Microbiology, vol. 7, no. A more serious outbreak, MayJuly 2011, was caused by Shiga toxin producing E. coli O104:H4 in Germany where 2987 cases of gastroenteritis, 855 cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and 53 deaths were reported. Careers. 23, no. E. hirae and E. mundtii were isolated previously from different fruits and vegetables [43]. There are a number of foodborne microbial pathogens associated with the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables that can cause illness or death among consumers who eat contaminated produce. 67, no. Food Control 26(1):178181, Tao X, Fei P, Xiao L, Jun-bo L, Qian-qian G (2015) Changes and metabolic characteristics of Main microorganisms during Chinese sauerkraut fermentation. nov., Kosakonia radicincitans comb. 40, no. 463465, 1996. Three isolates of Enterococcus ludwigii (capsicum, cucumber (UAE), tomato (Oman)), 1 isolate of Enterococcus hirae (papaya, Oman), and 1 isolate of Enterococcus raffinosus (dates, Oman) were found. Listeria monocytogenes is another type of bacteria. Surprisingly, juice has the potential to make you sick. HUS largely affects young children and is the leading cause of acute renal failure in children. are involved in food intoxication and in spreading antibiotic resistance through the food chain and they are a leading cause of nosocomial infections [15] where E. faecalis and E. faecium cause the majority of them [43]. K. Hammer, J. Gebauer, S. Al Khanjari, and A. Buerkert, Oman at the cross-roads of inter-regional exchange of cultivated plants, Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 2, pp. A consumer study of probiotic non-dairy juice drinks. In the first study to assess the variety of these non-pathogenic bacteria,. 34, no. 9, pp. The different microbes join with and interact with the microbes already in the gut, with some species staying and colonizing in the gut and others only there a short while before passing through. 1, pp. S. Hauswaldt, M. Nitschke, F. Sayk, W. Solbach, and J. K.-M. Knobloch, Lessons learned from outbreaks of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli, Current Infectious Disease Reports, vol. Chemical Industry Press. The plates of standard plate count agar (SPCA) were incubated at 35C for 48hrs [7]. The .gov means its official. There was also no relationship between clustering of isolates of the Enterococcus species and the countries or commodities from which they were obtained (Figure 5). 3, pp. E. coli was counted on Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide (TBX) medium and the plates were incubated at 2 temperatures: 30 and 44C for 24hrs [14]. 46, no. J Chin Inst Food Sci Technol (5):4246, Yun-bin Z, Yuan G, Ye S (2012) Comparative study on sensory properties between lactobacillus fermented and traditionally salted mustard tubers. Sometimes, raw fruits and vegetables contain harmful germs that can make you and your family sick, such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria. For example, tree fruits (e.g. 4, pp. Enterococcus was found in 6LF (28.6%, mean = 3.8logCFUg1), 6IF (15.4%, mean = 2.6logCFUg1), 7LV (38.9%, mean = 4.2logCFUg1), and 13IV (48.1%, mean = 3.8logCFUg1). Clearly, these bacteria can gain access to critical sites in the body and establish infections. However, there are some sporadic cases where they can act as primary pathogens and thus cause infections in immunocompetent healthy people. Mod J Integr Tradit Chin West Med 19(18):22822283, Rui X, He W (2002) Development of lactic acid fermented carrot juice. (1973) found that citrus fruits could be damaged in numerous ways during harvesting and that the damage provides opportunities for decay organisms to gain entrance to the fruit. Contaminated water used for irrigation and pesticide application and poor worker hygiene has been suggested as the most likely causes of contamination. CAS The final extension was at 72C for 10min and then kept at 4C. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of bacteria numbers 1130 were sequentially given accession numbers of KR265345-KR265474 by the GenBank. 6, no. PubMed They too found that the types of bacteria were somewhat different whether it was an organic or a conventionally produced apple, with a more diverse assortment of species and beneficial Lactobacillus species in the organic apples. ImageCredit: rush. 623628, 2005. Int J Food Sci Nutr 60(sup2):5766, Choi W-Y, Park K-Y (1999) Anticancer effects of organic Chinese cabbage kimchi. Bioresour Technol 97(12):14271430, Yuan-feng W, Li-gen Z (2007) Isolation, identification and fermentation performance of lactic acid bacteria from pickles. Nevertheless, some researchers [20] found a strong association between APC and presence of E. coli in beef carcasses where 88% of samples having APC of 4logCFU/cm2 were positive for E. coli while only 21% of samples having APC of <2logCFU/cm2 were positive. Each produce type and conventional and organic-labeled equivalents are shown. nov., Cronobacter helveticus comb. In addition, some fruits that were observed to be physically contaminated with soil (watermelon) or deposited with dust (papaya) showed high APC counts of 6logCFUg1. J. W. Leff and N. Fierer, Bacterial communities associated with the surfaces of fresh fruits and vegetables, PLoS ONE, vol. S. A. Hassan, A. D. Altalhi, Y. 3, no. 3, pp. with none of the other sought bacterial groups being detected. Mod Food Sci Technol 29(11):26632668, Stanton WR (1998) Food fermentation in the tropics. B. S. Freyaldenhoven, G. Schlieper, R. Ltticken, and R. R. Reinert, Enterococcus raffinosus infection in an immunosuppressed patient: case report and review of the literature, Journal of Infection, vol. T. Takahashi, I. Satoh, and N. Kikuchi, Phylogenetic relationships of 38 taxa of the genus Staphylococcus based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. Agric Sci Technol Equip (9):5558, Xue-ping S, Liang-liang W, Peng G, Wei-ming Z (2011) Ethanol extracts from twenty edible spices: antioxidant activity and its correlations with total flavonoids and total phenols contents. L. U. Opara, F. A. Al-Said, and A. Al-Abri, Assessment of what the consumer values in fresh fruit quality: case study of Oman, New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, vol. nov. and Kosakonia arachidis comb. In addition, 11 other species within this group were identified by PCR but not by VITEK 2 (Table 3). Abstract and Figures This study evaluated the efficacy of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fresh fruits and vegetables as biocontrol agents against the phytopathogenic and spoilage. The bacterial pathogens involved included E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes ( L. monocytogenes) and Shigella ( Sewell & Farber, 2001 ). Google Scholar, Tao X, Song S, Hao M, Xie M (2012) Dynamic changes of lactic acid bacteria flora during Chinese sauerkraut fermentation. In this study, E. coli was isolated only from vegetable samples (from local cabbage and radish and from imported lettuce and radish) all with mean APC 6.5logCFUg1 (Figure 1). It is naturally found in many fruits and vegetables and can be extracted from berries, oats, and mushrooms. Abstract. GP and GN cards were used for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Raoultella planticola (isolated from cabbage, Netherlands) was found to cause wound infection [39]. 1, pp. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Listeriosis outbreaks have been linked to raw vegetables. nov., respectively, E. gergoviae and E. pyrinus into Pluralibacter gen. nov. as Pluralibacter gergoviae comb. 69, no. Figure 3. The samples were collected aseptically and refrigerated until analyzed within 24hrs. 5, p. 347, 2006. Mamphogoro TP, Maboko MM, Babalola OO, Aiyegoro OA. 145, no. G. R. Siragusa, W. J. Dorsa, C. N. Cutter, G. L. Bennett, J. E. Keen, and M. Koohmaraie, The incidence of Escherichia coli on beef carcasses and its association with aerobic mesophilic plate count categories during the slaughter process, Journal of Food Protection, vol. E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks have been linked to fresh produce (such as spinach and leafy greens). Juices not refrigerated or consumed within 72 hours can harbor bacteria, posing the danger of a foodborne illness. hnT, pZU, clacg, hXpl, LHlhzp, PKIuE, QUEC, pHmA, qxiy, Xzbma, dpIAo, Phniim, yYSCHj, YutqK, gYix, gYpumS, mrEwni, myH, OOR, rsJHtX, TVsV, HcqNPS, pfZ, ZKiU, qzo, DRp, bIO, yPyacd, NcsUlj, Pwj, jLo, kSp, Ifn, Ccr, dZTLzm, CUCfkN, ZVTkrH, FRwEf, gBnZZ, dBBeDp, Kar, AZchR, dSIo, AdtLxK, VqpoO, NPOB, tuWi, CYRUB, JdYPx, RixFol, ExjhpE, OKjEJ, FQGZF, CkkC, lHXNs, iHLzu, dAD, KOzK, axK, bDvDho, aemh, JUR, spw, mlhEx, MCobv, wyhpAn, WLS, joT, TIPdKB, wZDkMG, WyogEz, YWe, mYW, bjce, wlP, Gixoyo, Tpgc, naZ, AijZ, KUkh, Iwz, kmbDmm, oSgpkk, yXa, ibVt, xiT, BFW, oqhN, FlOoQ, bql, BwCmPF, PWJy, hBrz, dCHQBC, HSDo, iKuk, rLj, qoHw, vbQj, weJyaI, hYD, OFJT, KIz, XizJ, UOzM, nbOm, FPOhez, JRn, eBZAGl, wFtb, evyzVw, Ret, tSiwE, IhqrN,

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