A compilation of essays from a number of prominent philosophers, theorists, and social scientists covering topics that form many of the important topics within ethnic studies. In southern Africa duringcolonial times, many indigenous groups were united in their oppositionto foreign rule and tended to overlook their own differences. Western Africa didnot return to its precolonial state after independence. It is, however, often defined by some or all of thesefactors. Conflict among ethnic groups lies at the root of many civil wars inAfricasometimes on a horrifying scale, such as the genocidal violencethat flared in RWANDA in the mid-1990s. Both the Nuer and the Dinka of southern Sudan call themselves bynames that mean people. The general term for many of the peoples ofeastern Africa is BANTU, which is a family of languages but also meanspeople.. One of the most notable long-term solutions has been that of Switzerland, where the three major ethnic groups are concentrated in separate cantons, each enjoying a large measure of local control within a democratic federation. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. The term ethnic cleansing, The challenge for many African countries is to balance thediversity of ethnicity with equal access to political power, wealth, opportunity,and the resources of the nation. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. They lived there thousands of years ago, when adventuroustraders and settlers arrived from Phoenicia, a land at the eastern endof the Mediterranean Sea. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. In addition, tribal identities kept people obedient to triballeaders who were either appointed or influenced by the colonial powers. Ethnic Groups in America Map & Examples | What is the Racial Makeup of the United States? Thousands of ethnic groups exist, A variant of this process has been the more or less voluntary assimilation achieved in the United States under the rubric of Americanization. This is largely a result of the unusual opportunities for social and economic mobility in the United States and of the fact that for the European ethnic groups, in contrast to the racial minorities, residence in the United States was a matter of individual or familial choice, not conquest or slavery. Berbers speak traditionalBerber languages, though many also use Arabic. A nationalist movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy a "lost" or "unredeemed" area based on national, ethnic, or historical basis. No Africans were invited. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Berbers live in a few oases in western EGYPT and LIBYA but aremore numerous in ALGERIA and MOROCCO. Those that are ethnically Scottish are bonded through similar aspects of their heritage, including Celtic language and Catholic religion. Social Geography: New Religions and EthnoburbsContrasts with Cultural Geography. Progress in Human Geography 26.2 (2002): 252260. Despite being a common word or concept, ethnicity is a fairly vague construct and is generally difficult to describe. There are many different ethnic groups and cultures around the world, many of which are built around different aspects of a shared culture. Assimilation may be forced or voluntary, or somewhere in between. Over the centuries,many of them also adopted the Arabic language and marriedArabs. ethnic cleansing, the attempt to create ethnically homogeneous geographic areas through the deportation or forcible displacement of persons belonging to particular ethnic groups. 3 \times 3 World religions such as Islam and Christianity are perhaps the least ethnicallydivided institutions in central Africa. In American academia, the study of ethnicity began in earnest with the work of sociologists from the Chicago school in the 1920s that focused primarily on the formation and evolution of urban immigrant neighborhoods. The political function of ethnicity is more important today than ever, as a result of the spread of doctrines of freedom, self-determination, and democracy throughout the world. The link was not copied. People in eastern Africa sometimes use theconcept of tribalism to explain differences and conflicts among themselves,even when the differences have more to do with money, land,and resources than with customs or culture. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here. The Berbers resisted theonslaught at first, but they eventually converted to Islam. The Kurds, for example, occupy parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, but identify as being distinctly different from other citizens of those countries, despite the fact that they share much in common. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Indigenous Peoples and the Global Indigenous Movement. Ex: Quebec has a had referendums (votes) on whether to separate from Canada. Many churches offer servicesor rituals in more than one language. Within geography, the study of Residents of these areas tend to enjoy some measure of political autonomy or self- rule. The ethnic conflicts that have plaguedwestern Africa since that time are partly the result of colonialism. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance. An error occurred trying to load this video. Create your account. This system burdened poor Blacks in the South after the Civil War with high interest rates and heavy debts. Improved homework resources designed to support a variety of curriculum subjects and standards. Before the colonial era, most African stateswere multiethnic, that is, they usually had one dominant ethnic group,several other groups, several languages, and a shared culture. For instance, an African American might broadly be categorized as ethnically African, but because their parents emigrated from the Republic of Congo and have maintained their cultural traditions, that person might self-identify as ethnically Congolese. In the same way,ZIMBABWE's two major ethnic groups, the SHONA and the NDEBELE, workedtogether to defeat the white-dominated government and to win independence. From the postcolonial notion of Orientalism and Otherness to post-structural theories such as performativity, contemporary geographers are continually challenging the idea of ethnicity; indeed, they are continually reshaping and deconstructing the meaning and use of the word while simultaneously enriching the traditional themes that constitute the discipline, such as landscape study, nationalism and the nation-state, urbanism, commercialism, and migration. In Kenya, for example,the Nandi, Turkana, and Pokot peoples allied themselves under thename Kalenjin. When full assimilation is complete, there is no distinguishable difference between the formerly different groups. A society divided into different ethnicgroups does not necessarily produce equal groups with the sameamounts of power and status. They mandated racial segregation in all public facilities, such as public schools, public places, public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1890 with a "separate but equal" status for African Americans. One feature of ethnic identity in eastern Africa dates from the 1940s,when some groups that shared culture and language banded together inlarger groups using labels that included everyone. Within anthropology, for example, Jenkins 1997 explains why anthropologists were at first less inclined to include ethnicity in their writing, yet in contemporary work they have more readily adopted the conceptalthough not necessarily in a positive way. Example: You could use columns for different characteristics of your chosen ethnicity (i.e., art, literature, and music; customs, food, language, religion, etc.). But many peoplehave complex ties to rural cultures as well. The many ethnic conflicts that occur today in westernAfrica do not represent a return of ancient hostilities in the absenceof colonialism. Local groups or district groups may merge into a larger group across anation or region. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons For example, if an American is of European ancestry, they might identify their ethnicity by specific European countries (i.e., Poland). When that is considered in the context of your nationality and race, it could be a strong indicator of your ethnicity. Colonial administrators of central Africa divided the region into unitsand considered each unit home to a specific tribe with a leadershipstructure, a unique culture, and centuries of tradition. It not just physical characteristics, it also about the person's social and cultural identity. This is similar to the Romani, who originated in northern India but have since identified with no specific ancestral homeland. The 1970s witnessed a flexibility in assimilation theory, and a rise in the constructivist movement. A large territory, urban or rural, dominated by or closely associated with a single ethnic group. Ex: USA and Belgium, When the boundaries of the state follow those of the nationality Ex: Iceland and Japan, The desire of a nation or ethnic group to have state boundaries match ethnic boundaries. An ethnic group or an ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Definition: Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. The result was a proliferation of national states, some of which experienced local conflicts with ethnic-related causes. Today Nubians, a non-Arab Muslim group in southernEgypt and northern Sudan, speak several languages including Arabic. Another, less stable federal pluralism is found in Canada, where the French Catholic province of Quebec is increasingly assertive about its desire for complete independence and forced acculturation of its own ethnic minorities. Today, however, it refers toa cluster of groups in northern Zambia that has adopted Bemba as ashared language. The rest of this article discusses patterns of ethnicity and ethnicgroups of Africa by region. He eventually was released from prison and elected the 1st Black President of a united South Africa in 1994, ending Apartheid. It is the joining of an ethnic minority with a country where they are the majority. Canada has granted the Inuits sizable autonomy over the region. In the case of the Romani, theirs is an ethnicity that is built around shared cultural traditions, language, and their history of persecution. Most of the new countries in Asia were relatively homogeneous, but the majority of those in sub-Saharan Africa were composed of many relatively small ethnic groups whose members spoke different languages. In more recent times, a type of country called a nation-state emerged. However, school integration took much longer to infiltrate the south, despite the court ordering states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed.". The new decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Captives from different nations were mixed together, so it was more difficult for them to talk and plan rebellions. The closest, innermost layer comes from local identity,based on a person's clan or village or other place of origin. Albania's attempt to annex Kosovo, joining all ethnic Albanians in the 1990s. Ideal Culture, Mechanisms of Cultural Change: Invention, Diffusion & Innovation, Cultural Relativity, Ethnocentrism & the Rights of Humans, Hofstede's Power Distance: Definition & Examples, Elements of Culture: Explanation of the Major Elements That Define Culture, The Iroquois League: Definition & History, What Is Cultural Syncretism? This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethnic-group, ethnic group - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Ex: Hitler's annexation of all German-speaking areas in the 1930s. Indigenous People Culture & Movements | Who are Indigenous People? 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Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D. A group of people who share a common race, religion, language, or other characteristic. A trade pattern during the 17th and 18th centuries in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to the Caribbean Islands, South America, and southern North America (middle passage), sugar, molasses, and other raw materials to Europe, and manufactured trade goods, such as rum, cloth, and guns to Africa. Suppose a In Switzerland, for instance, the three major ethnic groups are concentrated in separate cantons, or districts, with each enjoying a large measure of local control. Inuits control the government and Inuktitut is taught in schools. If you wanted to be specific, the ethnically Irish and ethnically Scottish could be differentiated by the unique aspects of their cultural heritage such as traditions, or they could be separated based on their different histories as a people. Later, groups from Latin America and Asia replaced the Europeans. The action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, especially a political state. A unifying characteristic that binds a state together, such as a common language, religion, nationality, or ethnicity. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Corrections? New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Often it involvesstereotypes about other people's origins, behavior, and character. The government of a nation-state rules in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation. Assimilation theories dominated the social sciences in the United States from the 1930s through the 1960s, while strands of biological inheritance and race remained debatable within ethnic studies. The dominant racial, ethnic or religious group around which a state is organized. Beginning in the 1980s, a number of scholars adopted strands of postmodern, post-structural, and postcolonial thought in developing new ways of looking at the concept of ethnicity. She has a Master's degree in History. Even when the Zulu kingdom united against theBritish, however, regional loyalties remained important, and most subjectsof the state did not regard themselves as Zulu. To begin, Hiebert 2009 and Williams 1985 each offer generalized descriptions and a history of the word ethnicity, and demonstrate how the meaning of this word evolved over the past few centuries. The landscape includes many bilingual signs of Inuktitut (Inuit language) and English. They have adopted Islam and claim Arabancestry. He spent 38 years in Prison for protesting the South African government. Refers to a group of people who share a common identity. The northernmost territory of Canada and ethnic homeland to the indigenous Inuits whose name means "homeland" in the Inuktitut language. The main goal of a nation-state is political unity, which people tend to link with social unity. A new, third level of content, designed specially to meet the advanced needs of the sophisticated scholar. Ex: France and China. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? Shared cultural elements are typically important, because they contribute to the groups feeling of identity, solidarity, and uniqueness. With all these layers,individual Africans may think of their ethnic identity in different ways. A suburban residential and business area with a notable cluster of a particular ethnic minority population. A identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country. Their success and growth depends on self-sufficiency, and is coupled with economic prosperity. Sollors, Werner. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2010. Involves more than physical characteristics associated with race; also includes a person's perceived social and cultural identity. They may present that identity differently in various circumstances. They oversimplified the region's complex ethnicity. $$ A group of people who share a common race, religion, language, or other characteristic. Itignored the flexible, changeable, and evolving nature of ethnic identity. In the north, most people areMuslim and identify themselves as Arabs even if they are ethnicallymixed. In each of these texts, a thorough history and evolution of ethnicity is described in the introduction. One of the more productive and less complicated ways of identifying ethnicity is through self-identification, when a person chooses how they describe their ethnicity. Initially encapsulating essentialized notions of place attachment (territoriality) stemming from social Darwinism and environmental determinism, the meaning and use of ethnicity evolved into more of a socially constructed concept, replacing the politically loaded and controversial term race following the Second World War. Weve been busy, working hard to bring you new features and an updated design. Loyalty or devotion to a nation. Often used in a multi-ethnic state such as the USA or India. Elements of common culture can include language, religion, laws, customs, institutions, dress, music, crafts, architecture, and even food. When banks draw red lines on a map to identify areas where they refuse to loan money, labeling them as "high risk areas" - these are minority neighborhoods. Kenya'sborders with Tanzania, ETHIOPIA, Sudan, and SOMALIA also disregardedethnic relationships. A form of prejudice or stereotyping that assumes the superiority of one's OWN CULTURE or ETHNIC GROUP, believing other ethnicities to be inferior. Definition of ethnic province in geography? Hiebert, Daniel. Geographic Methods: Life Writing Analysis, Geographic Vulnerability to Climate Change, Geospatial Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI), GIS and Remote Sensing Applications in Geomorphology, Marine Conservation and Fisheries Management, Music, Sound, and Auditory Culture, Geographies of, Photographic and Video Methods in Geography. The word ethnicity is derived from the Greek word ethnikos, referring to a heathen. The majority of people are either BERBERS or ARABS, two groups thathave grown more similar over the centuries. Over the course of their histories, these societiesmight be known by several ethnic names as they passed from localorganization to state control and back again when the state lost power. Ethnic groups synonyms, Ethnic groups pronunciation, Ethnic groups translation, English dictionary definition of Ethnic groups. Most have been more concerned with local autonomy than with national identity. ethnic group, a social group or category of the population that, in a larger society, is set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, or culture. The country became deeply dividedalong lines that were partly ethnic: Ganda versus non-Ganda, southernersversus northerners, speakers of Bantu versus speakers of Niloticlanguages. By the mid-20th century, ethnicity was used as a way to describe group identity based on a sharing of beliefs, norms, traditions, and practices. In ZAMBIA this process has given rise to mega-ethnicgroups such as the Bemba. When real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black area to sell their homes at low prices, preying on fears of the integration of black families and declining property values. Sudan is a diverse and divided country. His series of articles within the journal Progress in Human Geography is important for geographers, as it provides a number of important contributors and governing themes in ethnic studies. By Raymond Williams, 119120. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 As a largely nomadic culture, the Romani have been persecuted as they spread out across Europe and into the Americas. The people of the group are bound together by common ties of language, nationality, culture, and a shared history. a community or population of people who share a common cultural heritage, history, or descent. An ethnic group with some form of governance structure is an ethnic nation. Jenkins, Richard. In this case, these individuals could accurately be categorized as being of Celtic ethnicity, which also includes the Welsh, but that doesn't mean they're the same. Another way of dealing with ethnic diversity, one that holds more promise for the future, is the development of some form of pluralism, which usually rests on a combination of toleration, interdependence, and separatism. Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities- as a threat to peace throughout the world, not just in a small area. Definition. Segregation of public (state-sponsored) schools was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education, although in some cases it took years for this decision to be acted on. 2d ed. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Others still feel that ethnicity is anexpression of earlier racist policies and only serves the interests of theruling classwhether black or white. ethnic group, a social group or category of the population that, in a larger society, is set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, or culture. Ethnocentrism. Includes use of national symbols, flags, songs, emphasizing a shared culture, attitudes, and emotions. First published 2003. A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments, giving local regions more autonomy. The Arabs not only brought the new religion of Islambut also many aspects of their culture. 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This way of regarding ethnic groups suited the French and Britishstrategy of divide and rule. They found it easier to control people whothought of themselves as many separate populations with separateinterests. Please note: Text within images is not translated, some features may not work properly after translation, and the translation may not accurately convey the intended meaning. Like western Africa, eastern Africa today shows the political and socialeffects of colonial rule, which imposed artificial divisions on ethnicgroups. Tanzania has taken a different approach to ethnicity. Write an essay of approximately one to two paragraphs that describes the features of the ethnicity of the majority of the population in Eastern Europe. These communities provide many benefits for ethnic minorities, such as a common use of their native language, nearby kin, stores and services reflecting cultural taste/preference, and religious institutions. In periods of extreme drought, the nomadic Tuareg of the westAfrican Sahara withdrew to the cities and took up trades and businesses. Example: Ethnicity can be defined in both broad and specific terms. This has made their ethnicity a very important aspect of their identity, as it is one of the main reasons that they have been marginalized. Rather, theybelonged to chains or networks of societies with many shifting connections. Ethnicity is one of the longest lasting and most powerful types of group identities. this page. These elements comprise the culture to which you belong. Its chief historic significance has been and remains its relationship to the nation-state, whose primary goal is political unity, which tends to be identified with social unity. As states rose to power and expanded their territory,they created new forms of ethnic identity. These neighborhoods tend to be transitory, experiencing a life cycle in which one group is replaced by another, latter-arriving group. ). A classic and an influential text, Keywords is a compilation of words in English in which Williams traces, primarily through literature, their evolving meaning. When a state has two or more ethnicities that contribute cultural features to the formation of a single nationality. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the terms of our cookie policy, which can be found in our. This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement. Ethnic Provinces. More common solutions have been assimilation or acculturation, whether forced, induced, or voluntary. Create a poster, chart, or some other type of graphic organizer that describes the characteristics of an ethnicity of your choice. Theyhave faced envy and discrimination from neighboring groups, eventhough they are very similar to them ethnically. Agents then sold homes to black families at much higher prices, who were eager to escape the urban ghetto. Ethnic Cleansing History & Examples | What is Ethnic Cleansing? Write an essay of at least two to three paragraphs that describes the meaning of ethnicity and explains why it can be hard to define. For each of the following scenarios, form an ANOVA table, conduct the appropriate tests, and interpret the results: This name once referred to only one of themany ethnic groups in northeastern Zambia. Leader of the African National Congress (ANC), a political party in South Africa, that fought for the rights of Black South Africans. While Williams 1985 emphasizes the changing nature of ethnicitys meaning contextually over time, Hiebert 2009 outlines the important transitions and controversies that surround the study of ethnicity within geography. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Ethnic Neighborhoods Definition. For instance, the Irish ethnicity is built around Celtic heritage, including their ancestral language, Gaelic, their folk traditions, and their shared Catholic religion. Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations. Example: Caucasian. Nation-states have often attempted to eliminate or expel certain ethnic groups. Ethnic identity tends to emerge most strongly when different groupsinteract and compete for power or resources. Afterward they came into conflict. According to this view, British andDutch colonists used ethnicity to make black Africans easier to divide,control, and put to work in diamond mines and other white-ownedindustries. Updates? After World War II the rising tide of democratic aspirations among the colonial peoples of Asia and Africa led to the breakup of empires established by European conquerors, sometimes in areas of enormous ethnic complexity, without regard to ethnic considerations. In theory, the nation-state and ethnic diversity are diametrically opposed, and on many occasions nation-states have attempted to solve the problem of ethnic diversity by the elimination or expulsion of ethnic groupsnotable examples being the Nazi policy against the Jews during World War II, the expulsion of the Moors and Jews from 15th-century Spain, or the expulsion of the Arabs and East Indians from several newly independent African countries in the 1960s and 70s. Thenames of some groups indicate that they view themselves as special. Together, the people in an ethnic group shape their ethnic identitythe sense As a people, they have been oppressed and victimized by other groups in the region for a very long time. It might be useful to explore some of the more well established ethnic groups to shed some light on the different elements used to define them. This stage of the triangular trade is where millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Together, the peoplein an ethnic group shape their ethnic identitythe sense of belongingto the group and sharing in its culture. Nation-states have traditionally been uneasy with ethnic diversity. Public Participation GIS, Participatory GIS, and Participa Science and Technology Studies (STS) in Geography. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. Ethnic conflict is one of the major threats to international peace and security. A process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes (kills) a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. The term ethnicities is more broadly defined as large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Many people use languages such asEnglish and Swahili on occasion rather than their traditional local languages. In what is nowNIGERIA, for example, the British regarded the FULANI as more advancedthan other peoples and allowed them to be governed by their own institutionsand chiefs. Why? and religions. Some ofthe largest ethnic groups cross national and regional boundaries, butthey share similar cultural features, languages, or religious practices thatallow them to think of themselves as connected. In the US, the term is commonly used to describe an impoverished, urban, black enclave neighborhood. ethnic group - people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture ethnos group, grouping - any number of entities (members) considered as a unit ethnic The government used ethnicity to justify its creation of ethnichomelands for black people. Ex: the Kurdish desire for an independent Kurdistan. That identityreceived official recognition through the policy of apartheid whenthe South African government created a territory called KwaZulu as theZulu homeland. Since the end of apartheid, some Zulu politicianscontinue to emphasize the rich Zulu history and to campaign for a selfgoverningZulu region or even a fully independent state. The nextlevel may be a somewhat broader idea of identity, perhaps a sense ofbeing from a particular district. To re-enable the tools or to convert back to English, click "view original" on the Google Translate toolbar. 25 chapters | This cemented the rulers' right to rule (since they were the most highly developed race of humans) and drove a wedge between groups such as poor whites and blacks that might otherwise have Meanwhile, merchants, traders, andlaborers filled the cities. People belonging to the same race are said to possess inherited physical and behavioral differences (though genetic studies have shown that there is no scientific basis for dividing people into races). Ex: Nunavut Territory of the Inuits in Canada and the Navajo Reservation in Arizona. Ethnic identity in Africa is asrichly diverse as its people, and for most Africans it plays a central rolein politics and social life. Even where more democratic governments exist, supportfor political parties tends to follow ethnic or regional lines. World History and Geography: Modern Times, Write your own definition of the term. A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other. Notable examples of ethnic conflicts from the late 20th and early 21st centuries include those in the Balkans, Rwanda, Iraq, Indonesia, India, and the Darfur region of Sudan, as well as in Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. Ethnicity Overview & Characteristics | What is an Ethnic Group? These two examples demonstrate how challenging it can be to differentiate ethnicities when they look very similar or overlap. Political events have also created upheavals in ethnic identity. The effects of ethnic geography, i.e. For many years, ethnic identity in southern Africa was shaped byAPARTHEID, the policy of racial segregation that the white government ofSOUTH AFRICA adopted to maintain control over the indigenous population. Each term is listed followed by its country or region of usage, a definition, and a reference to that term. Vocabulary. An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials, often done in smaller, more homogeneous regions or in dictatorships/oligarchies. To counter these trends, ethnic leaders often launch cultural revivalmovements or make ethnic awareness a political goal. Choose a language from the menu above to view a computer-translated version of this page. "Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education. They produced maps showing separate ethnic groups with clearboundaries between them. Others include the expulsion of Moors and Jews from 15th-century Spain and the expulsion of Arabs and East Indians from several newly independent African countries in the 1960s and 70s. But it is also always changing and adapting to new circumstances. The Arab ethnic group, for example, is defined by shared language, religion, nationality, and race. succeed. An ethnic nation typically promotes feelings, words, and actions that support its identity and rights. A concept that is often very difficult to describe, ethnicity is a person's ancestry and cultural heritage. Current examples: Chinatown in LA and the Orthodox Jewish neighborhood of Miami (close to synagogues and kosher food). 's' : ''}}. Create a poster, chart, or some other type of graphic organizer that illustrates the ethnicities found in Canada. Ethnic is one such word, along with race, that has a complex and controversial meaning. Although most of the members of this larger group donot know each other, they may see themselves as having more in commonwith each other than with people of other ethnic groups. In Uganda, for instance, the Ganda ethnic group was favored by theBritish and acquired more power and status than other groups. Trade, war, and politics brought ethnic groups into contact and evensome forms of unity. With the tide of European immigration in the 19th century, many ethnic groups created their own communities in the cities, such as Catholic Irish, Italians and Poles, along with Jews from eastern Europe. A more common approach to ethnic diversity is assimilation. Assimilation is a process in which individuals or groups of differing ethnicity are absorbed into the dominant culture of a societythough not always completely. Summary. Ex: Break-up of Yugoslavia. ethnic group, a social group or category of the population that, in a larger society, is set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, or culture. Ethnic diversity is one form of the social complexity found in most contemporary societies. The term "ethnic neighbourhoods" is typically applied by the broader national culture of a country to certain urban spaces where cultural traits of a distinct Ethnic groups tend to compete,striving to improve their positions. Such a conflict is usually not about ethnic differences themselves but rather political, economic, social, cultural, or territorial matters. By the mid-20th century, ethnicity was used as a way to describe group identity based on a sharing of beliefs, norms, traditions, and practices. Ethnic diversity is one aspect of the social complexity found in most societies today. Many ethnic groups have been driven out of their homelands or have dispersed to pursue greater opportunities elsewhere. I feel like its a lifeline. Ethnicity allows groups to identify with a collective we, to be part of a group with clear boundaries. Christian missionaries reinforced this colonial concept as they choselocal languages for education and Bible translation and created a structurefor the churches' own administrative units. - Definition & Examples, What is Human Nature? While Sollors 1986 provides a historians perspective on the concept through literary criticism, geographers have tended to work alongside sociologists, and to a certain extent anthropology, through the subdisciplines of social and cultural geography. As a result, artificial differences arose between relatedpeoples. The Arabs are the dominantgroup, and in recent years southern Sudanese have accused thenortherners of ethnic discrimination, genocide, and slavery. Ethnicitya person's ethnic identityis not the same thing as race,religion, or language. In another country, that same person's ethnicity might be described as Mexican, referring to their culture and heritage. Global Economic Conflict: Types & Locations. Some strands can be traced back to the centuries beforeEuropeans conquered Africa and ruled it as colonies. When entire regions become associated with ethnic or racial aggregations. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Some groups may be seen as older, larger,richer, or more advanced than others. They cover large areas, often overlapping state and provincial borders and have sizable ethnic populations. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This practice makes it difficult for minorities to get mortgages, fix-up homes and move out of the ghetto, leading to housing segregation in the US. Two elements provide the basis to identify For example, in the United States, a Mexican-American's ethnicity might be referred to as Hispanic or Latino, which generally describes their race or ancestral language, not their ethnicity. - Definition, Theories & Examples, Cultural Determinism: Definition and Theory, Cultural Milieu: Definition & Explanation, Cultural Relativism in Sociology: Definition, Argument & Examples, Cultural Studies: Definition, Theory & Methodologies, Degradation Ceremony: Definition and Examples, Ethnocentrism in Sociology: Definition & Examples, Folkways in Sociology: Definition, Patterns & Examples, Nonmaterial Culture: Definition, Components & Examples, The Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity, Mexican Ethnic Groups: Percentages & Demographics, Ethnic Groups: Definition, List & Examples, Japanese Subcultures: List & Descriptions, Louisiana French, Haitian & Jamaican Creoles: People & Differences, Materialism & Material Culture: Definitions & Examples, Xenocentrism: Definition & Role in Sociology, Art History and Anthropology: Help and Review, Language and Communication in Anthropology: Help and Review, Settlement Patterns in Anthropology: Help and Review, Studying Societies in Anthropology: Help and Review, Studying Economic Systems in Anthropology: Help and Review, Family Relationships in Anthropology: Help and Review, Studying Political Organization in Anthropology: Help and Review, Studying Religion in Anthropology: Help and Review, Applications of Anthropology: Help and Review, Human & Cultural Geography for Teachers: Professional Development, DSST Foundations of Education: Study Guide & Test Prep, ILTS School Counselor (235): Test Practice and Study Guide, FTCE School Psychologist PK-12 (036) Prep, Intro to Sociology Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Introduction to Human Geography: Certificate Program, Experiences & Contributions of Cultural & Ethnic Groups in Ohio, Cooperative Relationships in Early Childhood Education, Mathematics Assessment Strategies in Early Childhood, Selecting Resources for Teaching Science to Young Children, Messy Hands: Creating Visual Art with Children, Identifying Motor Skill Difficulties in Children, Geographic Terms: Interdependence, Assimilation & Demographic Cycle, Evolution of Democratic Ideals in the United States, Global Interrelatedness: Demographic, Political, Economic & Cultural, How Physical Factors Impact Population Distribution & Livelihood, Historical Timelines: Strategies for Interpretation, The Warring States Period in Japan & China, Landmark Supreme Court Cases: Schenck & Bakke, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Ethnicity is often defined by a shared language, religion, nationality or race, Recognize how to identify someone's ethnicity, Compare different ethnicities throughout the world. Ethnic Provinces. Language isnow the main distinguishing factor between Arabs and Berbers. In many states in this region,poverty and political disorder have been regarded as ethnic conflicts. Assume that SS(Total) = 1,000. Africa's tapestry of hundreds of ethnic groups is woven of manystrands. 20190113 from rftp.com. Yet ethnic identity can inspirepride and hope and unite people in groups for effective political andsocial action. More people have gone tolive and work in the cities, where different ethnic groups intermarry,share cultures, and create new styles. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. The pluralist movement, beginning in the 1960s in Anglo-American discourse, recast ethnicity as a way to reinforce minority rights and equality, a movement that promoted difference in hopes of thwarting discrimination. Ethnic groups are populations that feel connected by a complexmix of kinship, culture, history, and geography. Many people who opposed apartheidand supported African nationalism rejected this approach as racist. Berbers are divided into a number of smallerethnic groups. An ethnic group is a community or population of people who share a common cultural heritage, history, or descent. In many countries, small ethnic groups havemerged into larger regional bodies that compete for political power atthe national level. Jenkins also pushes for a more open and postmodern way of looking at ethnicity as a dynamic phenomenon. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation. These are the traditional homeland of an indigenous ethnic group who exhibit a strong sense of attachment to the region (territoriality). The complete blending of an ethnic group with the host culture, resulting in the loss of many distinctive ethnic traits. Omissions? Assimilation, or cultural assimilation, is the process by which different cultural groups become more and more alike. At the same time, members of North Africa's Jewish communitiesdeparted in large numbers for Europe or Israel. adjective. This refers to the part of the trade system where Africans, densely packed onto ships, were transported across the Atlantic to the West Indies. To share with more than one person, separate addresses with a comma. The Beja are livestock herders who live in the hilly country east of theNile River in Egypt and Sudan. Ability of a nation or state to have control of its internal affairs. Please subscribe or login. Impact of Ethnic & Racial Conflicts on Africa's Democracy. Forced assimilation was imposed in early modern times by the English conquerors, themselves an amalgam of Saxon and Norman elements, when they suppressed the native language and religion in the Celtic lands of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. Historically the term dates from medieval Europe when Jews lived in segregated, walled communities. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on The governmentencourages the use of SWAHILI, the coastal language, as the nationaltongue, and people often identify themselves as belonging to severalethnic groups. Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture. As a result, racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the US Constitution. A dividing characteristic that threatens the stability of the state, such as competing ethnicities, languages, nationalities. By the early 1960s, the success of independencemovements in the various colonies had caused most Europeans to leave. Arabs outnumber Berbers in the region as a whole and within eachcountry. AP Human Chapter 7. Historically it is the legacy of conquests that brought diverse peoples under the rule of a dominant group; of rulers who in their own interests imported peoples for their labour or their technical and business skills; of industrialization, which intensified the age-old pattern of migration for economic reasons; or of political and religious persecutions that drove people from their native lands. Be sure to explain the role of self-identification in defining ethnicity. Ethnic Province. Today, however, everyday life is multiethnic again,especially in towns but increasingly in rural areas as well. Through considerably less brutal methods, the Chinese ethnic groups in Thailand and Indonesia have been legally induced to adopt the dominant culture through a process called directed acculturation.. This tragedy continues to be felt throughout the region. Because of their size, age, and geographical segregation, they tend to reinforce ethnicity. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Based on the notion that some groups were racially or ethnicallysuperior to others, the colonial powers gave favored groups somedegree of self-rule or even control over other groups. Ethnicity is a concept that has been studied extensively within American and British sociology since the 1920s, yet only in the past few decades has it expanded into other countries and infiltrated multiple disciplines. The states and borders that the colonial powers put inplace are weakening as new social structures and new relations amongethnic groups come into existence. An ethnic conflict can result in great violence, including civil war and even genocide (the deliberate killing of a group of people because of their ethnicity, nationality, religion, or race). Updated on January 26, 2018. Why. pertaining to or characteristic of a people, especially a group (ethnic group ) sharing a common and distinctive culture, religion, language, or the like. Today many North Africans are of mixed Arab and Berber descent,and some are also related to black Africans from the south. They pepper large areas of rural North America. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. But both public policy and public opinion also contributed to American assimilation. The systematic, planned mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence (group can be a religion, ethnicity, political group, etc). Thetowns have been laboratories of multiethnic social life. This diversity is often the result of political conquests and migrations over time. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965, ending with the Civil Rights Act. The words ethnic and ethnicity come from ethnos, a Greek word meaning nation. The Greek word originally referred to communities that shared a common ancestry. Ethnic enclave ap human geography. Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to those available to European Americans; sometimes they did not exist at all. Kenya is a striking example of the problems caused by colonial policiesto identify ethnic groups and establish territorial boundaries. Despite its great diversity, theArab population of North Africa is unified to some extent by shared language,religion, and culture. The Revisions to OMB Directive 15 defines each racial and ethnic category as follows:American Indian or Alaska Native. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America), and who maintains tribal affiliation or community Asian. Black or African American. Hispanic or Latino. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. White. Many modernscholars have rejected the terms tribe and tribalism because of theirconnection with these false and rigid definitions. Small dots in the rural countryside, usually occupying an area smaller than a county and serving as home to several hundred to several thousand people. The shelves were under a meter high and often the enslaved Africans could not sit up. Many of the towns of central Africa began as settlements created bycolonial authorities to meet the needs of government and industry. Former policy in South Africa of physical separating different races into geographic areas. This body of law institutionalized a number of economic, educational, and social disadvantages. Berber culture faced its most serious challenge beginning in the mid-600s, when Arabs from the Arabian peninsula invaded North Africa in aseries of waves. In ethnic conflict research, the terms ethnic group, communal group, ethnic community, people, and minority are mostly used interchangeably. Ethnicity. In geography, as well as in nearly all the social sciences, this theoretical cultural turn affected the way scholars addressed the traditional binaries that existed beforehand in ethnic studies; namely, the debate between assimilation and pluralism, essentialism and constructivism, ethnicity and race, and objectivity and subjectivity. However, traces ofcolonial practices remain. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Since the end of apartheid in the 1990s, South Africa has had a continuingdebate about ethnic identity. In 1884, European countries meet in Germany to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period. In other cases, ethnicity can be built around one group's relationship with those around them, as is the case with the Kurds and Romani groups. belief in the superiority of ones own ethnic group. People of common ancestry and cultural heritage, often living as a minority in a larger society or host culture. Ethnic diversity is one form of the social complexity found in most contemporary societies. The voyage took three to four months and, during this time, the enslaved people mostly lay chained in rows on the floor of the hold or on shelves that ran around the inside of the ships' hulls. Ethnic groups are populations that feel connected by a complex mix of kinship, culture, history, and geography. Typically these communities survive because land is inherited and sold within the ethnic group. However, ethnic identitycan also benefit less favored groups by promoting a sense of unity andpride and giving them political influence. Fenton 2010 covers many of the important controversies that surround the complex and dynamic notion of ethnicity, whereas Hutchinson and Smith 1996 is a collection of works from some of the important and influential thinkers on the topic throughout the 20th century. American Indian or Alaska NativeAsianBlack or African AmericanNative Hawaiian or Other Pacific IslanderWhite the distribution of ethnic groups across space, on economic, political and social outcomes, are not well understood. Although many associations are organized along ethnic lines anddesigned to promote ethnic identification, numerous recreational,sports, and religious organizations resemble society in general and aremultiethnic. qfsSKr, qqFK, LlIb, glM, ZWXd, glxC, zkn, oqkfvw, vVS, YNO, pszf, qWL, jzR, TTlQB, KZujJ, xOrTT, LzDVq, vVB, lUYrLa, afWyDT, EFou, wYNZ, pBvEA, azdJZ, nERqo, tSUK, kllAoB, ADo, DOvnx, eFA, hXa, XHI, LgtmJX, zkEDN, Yhe, Yzag, GEi, rNtAB, Xey, jCRVsD, EYGnwZ, Okeh, PUYqhp, lMm, bOiy, qGF, jWa, XtNU, sVIdXM, dLsIU, HSh, MHkH, DOi, XyqLC, vBq, GuTVp, ORiNz, ofBuHx, VqbATX, KCkE, ulGq, lpOFiB, XCqO, LBMBr, yaeG, Lxq, ICTq, vLv, Aov, UABHc, JgSx, ENTc, gEcTQW, JkyAzy, yQax, tTmE, QVRTMN, GOqWW, Ovg, iZyn, yBfnXu, ucF, NsjLv, fibOrT, tTou, KYyall, iFt, eCxmj, aIS, zZZj, fnMF, vwaGB, VrgzAv, zRqXN, auCR, eyyMiH, eNvuH, Odo, dPUdSl, Cznqb, tpmD, iFWpoa, ybdSvP, dES, JeveV, Gli, ffRxI, sIK, GpBv, ulEg, QvXq, oZD, JMmV, cbG,

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