She has authored a book based on her experiences in jail, which was later translated into English as Return of the Pharaoh. She is said to have established and taught at multiple schools before her death in 678 A.D. Sumayyah and her family, however, had no such tribal protection and were seen as easy targets by those persecuting the then-small Muslim community. Emmeline Pankhurst 1858 - 1928 Wikipedia. It is arguably in part thanks to Hafsa that the Quran was so beautifully preserved. She would often come to the defence of her father whenever he was attacked. She vanished from history altogether. Fatima of Cordoba was a tenth century librarian who oversaw 70 public libraries containing 400,000 books. The female warrior samurai Hangaku Gozen in a woodblock print by Yoshitoshi (c. 1885). In addition to her political and social role, she even sponsored education in Aleppo where she founded two schools. She comforted him and was instrumental in convincing Muhammad to accept that Allah had spoken to him. She lost the Battle but it lay a prominent mark on her legacy. As one of the most inspiring examples of women in Islamic scholarship, Nafisa is a powerful reminder of the importance and necessity of having women in Islamic education and the fields of jurisprudence. It was with this newly acquired status that women soared high and made their distinguishing mark in history, so as to not be left behind when the greats of Islam were glorified, writes ZAINAB ALIYAH. Both refused Hafsas hand in marriage, however, the Prophet stepped in and married her a little after a year of her becoming a widow. At a time when trades and businesses were completely dominated by men, she was one of the most successful traders of Mecca and was known for her honesty and benevolence. Eight Incredible Muslim Founders Who Have Made a Mark. Many different talents and works have been attributed to her, but she never rose to popularity. Born a slave but freed later in life, Sumayyah married Yasir Ibn Amir and was one of the first families to convert to Islam. On that day you will see that the best provision which your father made for you was that he enabled you to kill the children of the Prophet of Allah. However, most often than not, we hear of the greatest male commanders in ancient history, with many notable female warriors being left unheard of. In the power struggles between imams, she was expected to marry her cousin who was taken captive. Dhayfa Khatun, the niece and daughter-in-law of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, after the death of her son, King Abdul Aziz, became the queen of Aleppo and ruled for six years. She was, however, a great deal more than just Muhammads wife. Aishas intelligence and breadth of knowledge led her to have a major influence on Islams emphasis on learning. In the martial context, pre-Islamic Arab women sang dirges for the dead known as marathi, which offer a pretext to boast in the slain warriors' tribe as a whole. I am an avid reader and writer, passionate about the fight for gender equality of all sexes. The #GBVinMedia Campaign: Media Reportage Of Gender-Based Violence, #IndianWomenInHistory: Remembering The Untold Legacies of Indian Women, How To Write About Abortion: A Rights-Based Approach, The Crowdsourced List Of Social Justice Collectives Across Indian Campuses. greatest female warrior in islam TikTok : Beauty of Islam(@beauty_of_islam1400), (@swaggynaser), PedroMoralesMagonzalesMorotto(@itsfl1ppa), Gabriel(@gabrielsoufan . When Muhammad first heard the angel Gabriel speaking to him, he was terrified and described his encounter with the divine to Khadija. Read on to discover! Before marrying the Prophet, she had been widowed twice and had decided that she would not marry again. Fatimah was also the wife of Ali, the man Shiites regard as Muhammads true successor and the first Imam. El almacenamiento o acceso tcnico que es utilizado exclusivamente con fines estadsticos. In the art of calligraphy, one name that keeps recurring is that of Thana, a slave in the household of Ibn-Qayyuma. I have sought worship in everything. Many Muslims continue to this day to follow many of the hadith that Aisha herself narrated on both the private life of the Prophet and his sunnah, as well as pertaining to other religious matters such as inheritance, pilgrimage, and more. Religions When she later married the king of Morocco, she had no intention of giving up her power, and instead of going to the capital city she made the King come over to Tetouan. Al-Samarqandi remains a powerful example of the role of women in Islamic jurisprudence, scholarship, and hadith transmissions, despite the often male-centric view on Islamic scholarship. Khadijah Bint Khuwaylid The Messenger of Allah () said: The best of its women is Khadijah bint Khuwailid, and the best of its women is Mariam bint 'Imran (Virgin Mary) Al-Tirmidhi (Sahih) Khadijah was the first wife of Prophet Muhammad . History does not tell us much about her years prior to Islam. Second Bait-ul-Aqabah, the Battle of Uhud, the Battle of Hunayn, the war of Yamamah, and the Treaty of Hudaybiyah. The daughter of the Prophet Muhammad and his wife Khadija, Fatima was said to be of high intelligence and was taught by the Prophet himself on the reality and theology around Islam. Madrid Gestionar el consentimiento de las cookies. Even her name evokes a sense of heroism. ISLAM'S GREATEST FEMALE WARRIOR. She was extremely protective of her father and defended him from non-Muslims who persecuted him. She was born around 605 A.D. and was originally married to Khunais ibn Hubhaifa. Fatimah accepted Islam at the age of five and was one of the first Muslims. She became the last person in Islamic history to hold the title of al Hurra (meaning the queen). There was a woman scholar of Arab dialects, of the eleventh century, whose origin was among the tribes. And another, acquainted with tribal legends and colloquialism and a third one wrote a book entitled, Rare Forms and Sources of Verbal Nouns. In a different field, Arwa, wrote a book on sermons, morals and wisdom.. Khadijah (b. Khuwaylid - 555-620 AD) Born in 555 AD, Khadijah was the wife of Prophet Muhammed and has the distinction of being the first Muslim. Who was the first woman warrior in Islam? Architecture The Prophet is also reported to have said in regards to his beloved Fatima: Whoever injures Fatima, he injures me; and whoever injures me injures Allah; and whoever injures Allah practices unbelief. This is the first and only time in the history of Morocco that the king did not get married in the capital. Known as the first martyr of Islam, Sumayyah bint Khayyat was one of the first who openly defied the Quraysh leaders of the time and was killed because of her devotion to God. Privacy Policy | Terms of Use |Store Terms | Copyright The Muslim Vibe 2021. Aisha bint Saad bin Abi Waqqas was a jurist and scholar and also the teacher of the renowned scholar, Imam Malik, the founder of the Maliki School of Fiqh. The four greatest women in Islam as mentioned by the Prophet Muhammad PBUH Fatima RA: She was called Um abiha (the mother of her father). It was a monogamous union which lasted for 25 years till Khadijas death. Boudica was the queen of the Celtic Iceni tribe who became famous for leading a revolt against the Roman Empire in 60 CE. There were so many brave individuals who could fit on this list but I think these represent warrior states . Yet later developments would rupture from this earlier experience as we see women warriors struggle against physical foes but also societal limitations. Besides offering lessons for women, the Jamaatpublished a magazine, maintained an orphanage, assisted poor families and mediated family disputes. Supporting her mother and father, Fatima went on to marry one of the Prophets most beloved companions, Ali ibn Abu Talib, and bore five children in total: Hassan and Hussain, Mohsin, Zainab, and Umm Kulthum. Most of Arabia was annexed in his life time in a series of coordinated campaigns. Muslim women ensured that they left behind a legacy when it came to intellectual and academic feats. Al-Andalus She used to teach hadith andfiqh, at the mosque. Hafsa bint Umar was one of the wives of the Prophet Muhammad, and has been accredited to around 60 hadith, or sayings and doings of the Prophet. Hawaya Unveils What British Muslims Really Think About Marriage, The Womens Movement From the Street to the Home, Fatima Binte Muhammad: The Best Of Role-Model For Women. Aisha bint Muhammad ibn Abdul Hadi in Damascus was a scholar who taught many prominent Muslim male scholars and also possessed the shortest chain of narrators back to the Prophet Muhammad (saws). John Renard notes in his, (2005), She is one of the few women who consistently merited a place in hagiographic anthologies over the centuries., Lubna lived in the 10th century CE, and was brought up in the palace of Sultan Abd al -Rahman III. According to historians, she played a huge role in Kasanis work as well, with his esteem for her so great that he would not sign the legal opinions he issued until Fatima signed them first. She also led her armies in battle and conquered new territories. Soon after she came to power she shifted the capital of the kingdom from Sanaa to Jibla, to be in a better position to rule and also to avenge the late kings death by destroying the Najahid ruler, Said ibn Najar. Aisha was known for her intellect and was knowledgeable about subjects that ranged from medicine to poetry. She chose the life of asceticism over domesticity as she declined various marriage proposals. The question persists today. the victory were turning into defeat as is stated in the Quran. She is credited for narrating well over 2,000 hadiths, the various sayings whose authority is second only to the Quran. A Muslim soldier is a Muslim who has engaged in war, or is trained in the art of war.Some of the more contemporary belong to state or national military forces and are more accurately described as soldiers. Nusaybah bint Ka'ab, a warrior who sacrificed her life for Prophet Muhammad. To add to all of these, she was also a poet and, Born in 1048 AD, Arwa was orphaned at a young age and adopted by her uncle and aunt, who were then the rulers of Yemen. The earliest known female general of the Shang Dynasty, Fu Hao, lived about 3,000 years ago during China's Bronze Age, according to a biography published in 2002 in Women in World History: A . She refused his offer in order to retain her autonomy. After the death of her mother, Zainab along with her brothers Hassan and Hussain were forced to defend themselves and their family amidst the fighting that broke out after the Prophets death over leadership. Landscape Fu Hao (d. c. 1200 BC) Lady Fu Hao was one of the 60 wives of Emperor Wu Ding of ancient China's Shang Dynasty. She is known to have narrated 2210 hadiths(traditions containing sayings of the prophet Muhammad which, with accounts of his daily practice (the Sunna), constitute the major source of guidance for Muslims apart from the Quran) about various topics including those about inheritance and pilgrimage. Forced into exile after witnessing the death of her beloved family members, Zainab remained steadfast in her religion and continued to help spread the pure faith and devotion that her grandfather, the Prophet Muhammad, taught as well. Born in 1048 AD, Arwa was orphaned at a young age and adopted by her uncle and aunt, who were then the rulers of Yemen. Here are some of the greatest Muslim women in Islamic history. Most striking was their caliber for intellectual achievement and the respect and recognition they received for it., An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is an eighteenth century poem which laments the villagers buried in a churchyard. While all Muslims respect and love Fatimah, she is especially important to Shiites. As such, she is the mother of the Sayyids, the descendants of Muhammad who are spread throughout the Muslim world. Dr. Akram Nadwi, author of a 40-volume collection of women scholars in Islam, Al-Muhaddithat, has, in his research, unearthed the accounts of many such scholars whose legacy and contributions are forgotten by now. So he slips away in the dark to stash his baby girl in a deep grave never to see, or hear, her again. Nusaybah Bint k'ab Al Maziniyyah was one of those who embraced Islam with unbelievable strength. (Image from Wikipedia Commons.). Whatever may be the truth behind these speculations, it cannot be denied that such talented and well-learned women existed, but their lives were not well documented. After Khadija died, Fatimah also tended to her fathers wounds when he was injured by those persecuting the early Muslims. She broke with tradition by serving as both a high priestess and military general. Among the many female warriors known for their bravery, who is the greatest female warrior in history? Umma Salama, one of Muhammads wives, is said to have asked Muhammad why the Quran did not speak of [women] as it did of men. The issue was never completely laid to rest, and gender roles in Islam continued to be discussed and altered throughout history. After Khunais died, Hafsa was offered in marriage to both Uthman ibn Affan, who would later become the third caliph, and Abu Bakr, who would later become Muhammads successor in Sunni thought and the first caliph. Such is the case with Muslim women as well. She is credited with popularizing of the earthen wall fortifications which became characteristic of Hausa states since then. Mariyah-al-Qibtiyyah, an Egyptian, wrote on Alchemy in the seventh century. She was known to have full respect for the law, and the Anti-Corruption Agency cited Jahjaga and her cabinet as the best example of transparency and accountability among public officials. Born in the 12th century in what is now modern-day Uzbekistan, Al-Samarqandi was one of the most respected scholars and jurists of her time, even issuing her own fatwas. She fought at her brother's side, and at the head of her own forces in independent command in numerous battles, and became famous for her fighting . Muslim women have played important roles throughout history. , and effectively learned the business of trade from her father. She financially sponsored his education for him. In the Battle of Uhud, she was a companion and protector of Prophet Muhammed. The literary attainments of Miriam, the gifted daughter of al-Faisuli were famous throughout the Andalus. The phrase Muslim women in itself, evokes responses filled with prejudice that limit the scope of studying and appreciating the life of Muslim women throughout the world. Amazon.com: The Warrior Women of Islam: Female Empowerment in Arabic Popular Literature (Library of Middle East History): 9781848859272: Kruk, Remke: Books Books Literature & Fiction History & Criticism Buy new: $26.95 FREE Returns FREE delivery Monday, November 7 Or fastest delivery Wednesday, November 2. In the first-ever Muslim Women's Day, we pay tribute to some incredible women in Islamic history. Born in Basra, Iraq, Rabia was one of the most important Muslim Sufi saints and poets. Her verses aroused the tumultuous enthusiasm of the otherwise grave poets of Cordoba and her library was one of the finest and most complete in the kingdom. Currently studying English Literature. Tourism Sumayyah, Yasir and Ammar were kidnapped and tortured, but Sumayyah refused to recant her faith. If your wrath is incurred, it incurs the wrath of Allah; and if you are pleased, it makes Allah pleased too. Her lectures on Sahih al-Bukhari were attended by a large crowd of students and many even falsely claimed to have been her students. Rukn ud din proved to be an incompetent ruler and was assassinated less than a year after he took the throne. After Saba died, Arwa al-Sulayhi was once again the sole ruler of Yemen. However, her knowledge and expertise were not limited to writing and translating, but she was also a mathematician and is known to have taught mathematical equations to children on the street. Becoming a widow after her first husband Khunais ibn Hubhaifa died, Hafsa was offered in marriage to both Uthman and Abu Bakr, companions of the Prophet Muhammad. Coming from a small family without any ties to powerful elites or tribal connections, Sumayyah and her family were seen as easy targets by the leading Quraysh tribes who were then persecuting the growing Muslim community. Archaeology However, apart from being a wife, she was also a scholar, and played a major role in the politics of her times. Even though her retreat is sometimes looked at as an example of womens failure in defying patriarchy, yet it was a historically important attempt at the same as it laid the ground for generations after her. Even issuing her own fatwa allowing the practice of men and women praying shoulder to shoulder, Umm Al-Darda continues to be remembered as one of the most ground-breaking and influential female scholars of Islamic history. When she passed away in 620AD, the Prophet is said to have dug her grave himself. Enraged by her defiance, Abu Jahal, a Meccan and Quraysh leader, killed Sumayyah. On the day when Allah will be the Judge and Muhammad will be the petitioner, and your limbs will give evidence against you, your father, who made you the ruler of the Muslims, will receive His punishment. The prophet led the muslims against the tribes of Arabia. The 18th century Afghan warrior poet Nazo Tokhi was the mother of the founder of the Hotak dynasty. After martial law was lifted, Bhutto became Zias main political opposition. The latter is reported to have said that in whichever direction he turned himself, he could see her defending and protecting him. Six women who are the heroes of Islamic History We have lots of female heroes in today's age like Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai, advocating for female education and building schools while attending Oxford University. There was a family of women who ruled over Bhopal from 1819 to 1924, the last of who was Begum Kaikhursau Jahan. She is known to have built many schools throughout her realm, and improved the economy significantly. She was tutored by the queen and later married the prince at the age of 17. Escaping the clutches of the enemy she would conquer Sana and rule in her own right. At the Battle of Marj al Saffar in 634 CE she grabbed a tentpole and fought off the Byzantine forces, killing seven of them. She also built four schools in Makkah and a mosque in Jerusalem. In this Article the Story of Zaynab-bint-Ali(SA) is missing who with bravery after the battle of Karbala took responsibility of taking the Women safe to Madinah.. And Note I am not Shia.. Feminism In India is an award-winning digital intersectional feminist media organisation to learn, educate and develop a feminist sensibility among the youth. Zainab, the daughter of the Prophet's daughter Fatima and her husband Ali ibn Abu Talib, also remains one of the most powerful figures in Islamic history. Men who are not only exceptional at hand to hand combat but who were also great leaders and brilliant strategists. Refusing to do so, Abu Jahal, a Meccan and Quraysh leader, murdered Sumayyah for her belief in Islam. We're back with our flagship podcast 'Intersectional FeminismDesi Style!' Khawla bint al Azwar ( flourished 600s AD) was a Muslim Arab poet and warrior who accompanied her elder brother during the Islamic conquests of Syria, Palestine, and Jordan. She taught Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, the greatest scholar of her time. After the death of the Uthman, she led an army against the 4th caliph Ali in the Battle of the Camel in 656 CE. Muhammad himself had an uncle who was a tribal leader and worked to protect Muhammad, Khadija and their children. , she had no intention of giving up her power, and instead of going to the capital city she made the King come over to Tetouan. It is often proposed that Luban might not have been one person, but rather two different women named Lubna and Fatima, who collectively possessed these talents but have been mixed in the pages of history. Rabia was known in different names in different parts of the world, such as Hazrat bibi, Rabia Al Basri, Rabia Basari. In contrast to Khadija who was older than Muhammad, Aisha was much young than Muhammad when she married him. She is also known as Hakima Tatwan, meaning Governor of Tetouan. Al-Baghdadiyyah remains an inspiring example of the power of what one woman can do with simply a pen, as her lectures, writing, and calligraphy continue to empower and touch the hearts of Muslims across the world. Jahjaga served for five years and worked to institutionalize efforts to rehabilitate and reintegrate survivors of sexual violence from the war in Kosovo. During these periods of hardship, it is said that she had visions of Prophet Muhammad (saws) and also experienced some miracles as she got food, refuge and strength in those difficult times. Like many other Sahabiyat, Nusaybah was initially there to aide the soldiers during battle. The stories of these 10 great warrior women are worth repeating and remembering, as their achievements were equally as remarkable and admirable, as those of Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, or . Saladin led the Muslim pushback against the European powers during the third crusade. Arwa achieved the highest rank a daii can achieve, that of hujjat, in 1084 A.D. She was the first woman to earn the rank in Islamic history. This first book was called the Copy of Zayd ibn Thabit after the scribe who compiled the text. Slide in our DMs onInstagramortweet us@MuslimGirl and let us know which women and their stories inspired you the most! Travelling all the way to Syria, she taught both male and female students and even served as the personal counselor for the famous ruler Nur-al-din Zangi. Nusaybah Bint Ka'ab was a member of th. Women who stand out as rulers includeArwa al-Sulayhi, an eleventh century Yemeni who ruled for 71 years and was known as the Noble Lady; and Sultana Shajarat al-Durr, who took control of Egypt after the death of her husband in the thirteenth century. Some of the older entries may be more accurately be described as warriors, and some as militia.Entries in this chronological list are accompanied by dates of birth and death, branch of Islam . Islam placed Paradise under their feet when they became mothers; they became the reason why fathers would enter paradise, and also such an integral part of a husbands faith that without honoring his wife, his faith remained incomplete. Following her marriage, Aisha worked to spread Islam and continued to do so after Muhammads death. Inmigration Taken aback by the adoration of such a powerful and inspiring woman, the Prophet accepted the proposal, loving her and never remarrying until after her death. She originally hired Muhammad to work for her but eventually proposed to him. From being just a mere commodity in the households, wives became a source of dignity. She was born in a merchant family in the Quraysh tribe of Mecca, and effectively learned the business of trade from her father. The latter was unsurpassed for the beauty and perfection of her calligraphy; the splendid illuminations of her manuscripts were the despair of the most accomplished artists of the age. Aishas participation in this battle has left her viewed negatively by Shia Muslims to this day. Music An Indian, by the name of Rasa, was the author of a book on medical care and the treatment of women. She was tutored by the queen and later married the prince at the age of 17. El almacenamiento o acceso tcnico es estrictamente necesario para el propsito legtimo de permitir el uso de un servicio especfico explcitamente solicitado por el abonado o usuario, o con el nico propsito de llevar a cabo la transmisin de una comunicacin a travs de una red de comunicaciones electrnicas. Her family moved to Morocco after the fall of the empire in the year 1492. When Hafsa memorized the Quran, it was still an entirely oral text and so transmission of the Quran was reliant on human memory. Arwa al-Sulayhi, also called the Little Queen of Sheba, was the longest-reigning ruler of Yemen. She became the last person in Islamic history to hold the title of al Hurra (meaning the queen). Her father, Abu Bakr, became the first caliph, and Aisha was one of the leaders of the opposition against the third caliph. 1. Lovingly remembered as Fakhr an-Nisa, or The Pride of Womankind, as well as The Writer of Baghdad, Al-Baghdadiyyah remains one of the most celebrated female lectures as well as calligraphers during her lifetime in the 12th century. The Centre for Decrees and Doctrines (Dr al-Ift wal Aqid). Both enjoy the same rights and duties to learn and teach. She founded a Sufi lodge which her husband endowed most generously. It was Khadijah who, through a friend, approached the Prophet with a marriage proposal, to which he consented. Aisha is also reported to have taught at multiple schools and was known by certain groups to have a wide breadth of knowledge. Women who stand out as rulers include Arwa al-Sulayhi, an eleventh century Yemeni who ruled for 71 years and was known as the Noble Lady; and Sultana Shajarat al-Durr, who took control of Egypt after the death of her husband in the thirteenth century. Many Muslim women in Islamic history have held important positions like mystics, rulers, warriors & intellectuals but are hardly remembered. She nursed the wounded and the dying in the battlefield during the Battle of Badr on 13th March 624 CE. Saladin With the full name of "An-Nasir Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub" it's easy to see why he became more well known as Saladin. The making of astrolabes, a branch of applied science which is given great status, was practiced by Al Ijiliyyah bint al-Ijili al-Asturlabi, who followed her fathers profession in Aleppo and was employed in the court of Sayf-ad-Dawla, one of the powerful Hamdanin rulers in northern Syria, in the tenth century CE. Shall he keep it with disgrace or bury it (alive) in the dust?[1]. Muslim Women "Warriors" . Roughly contemporaneous was the Hausa warrior, Amina. A wealthy woman of her own right, she was a businesswoman and trader who managed her own commercial dealings across the region. In the early parts of her life, she was a slave in South Iraq till she gained her freedom. Sumayyahs small family was among the earliest converts to Islam but among the least powerful in the greater Arab society. According to him, the current emphasis placed on the subjugation of women in Islamic society made it really important to seek out the real historical records of womens place in Islam. She learned most of her skill from assisting her father, Saad al-Aslami, who was a physician. After the assassination of Hassan al-Banna, she played a pivotal role in regrouping theBrotherhood in the 1960s. When her brother was taken captive, she donned on armor and a green shawl and charged into the Byzantine troops, the Muslims rallied to her and defeated the Byzantines freeing the prisoners. Here are some of the greatest Muslim women in Islamic history. Publications At the age of nineteen, she founded the Jamaat al-Sayyidat al-Muslimaat (Muslim Womens Association) which had a membership of three million throughout the country by the time it was dissolved by government order in 1964. Utilizamos cookies propias y de terceros para fines analticos y para mostrarle publicidad personalizada en base a un perfil elaborado a partir de sus hbitos de navegacin (por ejemplo, pginas visitadas). Al Fihrist-ibn-al-Nadim, an eighteenth century historian in his book names women with a varied range of skills. In her reign of 34 years, she expanded the territory to its largest size ever. These great women of Islamic history were unafraid to make a name for themselves in their time and continue to be remembered today. She was imprisoned in the year 1965 and was sentenced for 25 years, but was released under Anwar Sadats presidency. She controlled a large part of the Western Mediterranean sea with her pirate fleet that she used to dominate over the Spanish and Portuguese ships. Answer (1 of 43): In world history there must have been numerous female warriors. Muslim women, contributed to the legacy of Islam as scholars, jurists, rulers, benefactresses, warriors, businesswomen, and legal experts. Two are grammarians a much respected branch of knowledge, related to the use of the full range of excellence of the Arabic language. There was Fathima bint Muhammad al-Samarqandi, a jurist who advised her more famous husband on how to issueFatwas. And he led it successfully. Imams are the spiritual leaders of Shiites and regarded as the rightful successors of Muhammad. Khawla bint al-Azwar (Arabic: ) was an Arab Muslim female warrior and Companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. Islam placed paradise under the feet of women when they became mothers; they became the reason why fathers would enter paradise, and were also made such an integral part of a husbands faith that without honoring his wife, his faith remained incomplete. Born in Iran, Al-Baghdadiyyah was the daughter of the famous scholar Abu Nasr Al-Dinawari, who helped nurture in her an incredible sense of intelligence and ability to memorize hadith. During her lifetime, she worked as a secretary to the Khalifa, as a scribe, and later as the personal secretary of Abd Al-Rahmans son Hakam II Ibn Abdur-Rahman. 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